共查询到16条相似文献,搜索用时 500 毫秒
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不同认知作业年老化特点的比较研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
本工作应用自行设计的软件程序和微机人机对话方式,完成六项认知作业的年老化特点的比较研究,被试506人,46—75岁。研究结果表明:1)“心算”和“符号数字”两项作业完成速度随年老迅速减慢,但测验成绩随年老缓慢降低,速度变化是该两项作业年老化过程的主要特点;2)“数字鉴别”和“计数”两项作业完成速度随年老减慢较缓;3)“双位数字顺序回忆”和“无意义图形再认”两项作业测验成绩随年老下降迅速,但前者更为明显;4)速度和成绩两项指标的个体差异均随年老有增大趋向。 相似文献
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本工作以50名青年作对照,对240名65—90岁正常老人的短时记忆特点进行了研究。结果看到:1.在逻辑故事记忆、图象自由回忆、数字广度和指向记忆四项记忆成绩上,均有随年老而衰退的明显趋势。其中除数字广度外,其他三项记忆在入老年后(65岁至90岁)有继续减退的趋势。在逻辑故事、指向记忆和总分上还见到有65岁和70岁组、75岁和80岁组成绩接近的现象;2.老年人顺背数字成绩较好,对刺激序列中末端刺激的正确回忆率较高,均说明老年人的初级记忆受损较少;3.四项记忆成绩比较,青年组故事分节分最高,然后依次为图象自由回忆、顺背数字和指向记忆,而老年组则无此明显顺序;4.文化因素对记忆成绩有明显影响。 相似文献
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The psychometric properties of several commonly used verbal working memory measures were assessed. One hundred thirty-nine
individuals in five age groups (18–30, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80+ years) were tested twice (Time I and Time II) on seven
working memory span measures (alphabet span, backward digit span, missing digit span, subtract 2 span, running item span,
and sentence span for syntactically simple and complex sentences), with an interval of approximately 6 weeks between testing.
There were significant effects of age on all but two of the tasks. All the measures had adequate internal consistency. Correlations
between performances at Time I and Time II were significant for all the tasks, other than the missing digit span task. The
magnitude of the correlations was similar across the age groups and ranged from .52 to .81. Classification of subjects into
discrete memory span groups on the basis of a single measure was highly inconsistent across testing sessions and tasks. Classification
into upper and lower quartiles was more stable than using a cutoff score for group membership or than classification into
high-, medium-, and low-span groups. Correlational analyses showed that there was a moderate relationship between performances
on many of the span tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that six of the seven tasks reflected a common factor. Both
test—retest reliability and stability of classification improved when a composite measure reflecting performance on several
tasks was used. 相似文献
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成年人个性特征与某些认知作业的关系 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用NEO-FFI个性问卷研究了个性特征与记忆、问题解决及视觉搜索反应时的关系。作业难度均属中下。被试为20-85岁四组成年人120名。结果:(1)相关和多元逐步回归分析结果完全一致:外向性(E)对人姓回忆及图形再认有负性预测关系,开放性(O)对人姓回忆及猜图用策略百分比有正性预测关系。(2)控制年龄因素的偏相关结果表明,神经质分(N)和清图用策略百分比,E分和图形再认、人姓回忆,认真负责分(C)和数字、字母、汉字搜索反应时均呈负相关。(3)认知指标加入个人情况诸因素作为自变量与个性特征求多元逐步回归方程显示,解决问题方案数量与E分呈负性预测关系,心理状态等因素与个性预测影响更大。(4)认知作业与个性特征关系各年龄组结果不同,两者关系青年组和老老年组较大,这可能与不同年龄成年人神经系统功能状态差异有关。 相似文献
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Complex cognitive tasks such as multiple-step arithmetic entail strategies for coordinating mental processes such as calculation with processes for managing working memory (WM). Such strategies must be sensitive to factors such as the time needed for calculation. In 2 experiments we tested whether people can learn the timing constraints on WM demands when those constraints are implicitly imposed. We varied the retention period for intermediate results using the well-known digit size effect: The larger the operands, the longer it takes to perform addition. During learning participants practiced multiple-step arithmetic routines combined with large or small digits. At transfer, they performed both practiced and novel combinations. Practice performance was affected by digit size and WM demands. However, the transfer performance was not fully explained by the digit size effect or the practice effect. We argue that participants acquired temporal tuning of the WM strategy to the implicit retention interval imposed by the digit size and kept using the tuning mode to unpracticed data set. 相似文献
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“基本认知能力测验”的编制及标准化工作 总被引:35,自引:1,他引:34
在多年研究工作的基础上编制了,这套“基本认知能力测验”。该测验包括数字鉴别、心算、汉字旋转、数字工作记忆、双字词再认、三位数再认、无意义图形再认7项分测验,其软件程序用C语言编写。为了使测验标准化,并获得有代表性的常模资料,在全国6大行政区取样2443人进行了测试。该测验适用于具有小学4年级以上教育程度的儿童、青少年和中老年人,年龄范围为10—90岁。为学生和成人两部分样本编制了两套各年龄组量表分换算表。该测验的区分度、再测信度、内部一致性及效度均良好。 相似文献
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Juliet A. Conlin Susan E. Gathercole John W. Adams 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2005,58(8):1434-1446
Two experiments investigated the impact of the relationship between processing and storage stimuli on the working memory span task performance of children aged 7 and 9 years of age. In Experiment 1, two types of span task were administered (sentence span and operation span), and participants were required to recall either the products of the processing task (sentence-final word, arithmetic total) or a word or digit unrelated to the processing task. Experiment 2 contrasted sentence span and operation span combined with storage of either words or digits, in tasks in which the item to be remembered was not a direct product of the processing task in either condition. In both experiments, memory span was significantly greater when the items to be recalled belonged to a different stimulus category from the material that was processed, so that in sentence span tasks, number recall was superior to word recall, and in operation span tasks, word recall was superior to number recall. Explanations of these findings in terms of similarity-based interference and response competition in working memory are discussed. 相似文献
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Maryanne Martin 《Memory & cognition》1978,6(2):194-198
Two experiments were carried out to investigate whether the immediate digit span measure traditionally used in the assessment of individual differences in cognition is a good predictor of performance on other memory tasks. In the first experiment, it was found that subjects’ digit spans were not significantly related to their performances on either short-term or longterm memory tasks, or to theoretical measures of their memory store capacities. Memory for the temporal occurrence of events, however, proved to be positively correlated with digit span. A second experiment confirmed that digit span was correlated with memory for the temporal occurrence of events, but not with item memory. Thus it was concluded that an individual’s digit span reflects his ability to retain information about the order of a sequence of events rather than the capacity of his short- or long-term memory. 相似文献