复杂性的交互作用——科学、技术、社会与伦理

本文立足于复杂性思想,将科学、技术、社会中的复杂性进行了深入的分析.文章引用了各个领域的生动例子,解析其中不同的复杂性含义,最终将研究立足于复杂性伦理,文章进而从本体论、认识论角度对复杂性赖以生成的场景进行了分析.     

中医药研究的"复杂性"辨析--兼谈证候研究的思路

要讨论中医药研究与复杂性科学的关系必须首先对中医药研究的复杂状况予以澄清. 1应当正确理解复杂性问题与复杂科学 所谓复杂科学是国外20世纪80年代提出的研究复杂性和复杂系统的科学.复杂科学包括控制论、信息论、系统论(简称"老三论")和耗散结构论、突变论、协同论(简称"新三论")这些中医界听来并不陌生的理论,以及相变论、混沌论、超循环论等其他新的科学理论.     

复杂性的哲学评析

当前,我们所处的时代可以从不同侧面加以标志,如非线性时代、信息化时代、多极化时代等.这些标志的一个共同点就是反映了人们对世界复杂性的一种新认识.一种新的科学思潮出现,必然有一种新的哲学思潮跟进.世界范围的复杂性研究的兴起和高涨,很快就会有相应的哲学研究出现.     

从复杂性科学的角度分析干燥综合征分类标准优化发展

复杂性科学是一个将哲学理念与现代化技术体系相结合的新兴学科,作为前沿科学已广泛应用于自然科学及社会科学多领域,但鲜有在风湿免疫病领域的应用研究.干燥综合征是医学界最为困惑的复杂病种之一,本文试从复杂性科学的自组织与他组织机制、涌现性、适应性与动态有序性的角度出发,分析干燥综合征的发病机制及若干分类标准,探索了复杂性科学思维在临床诊断中的应用价值.     

基于体质和功能状态的整体医学——21世纪现代医学发展的主流方向

迄今为止,人体体质及整体功能状态的研究在现代医学中仍是一片未开垦的处女地.由于中医学与复杂性科学方法、理念的一致性,在复杂性科学的理念逐渐成为主流科学理念的今天,采用其方法和技术,引进中医学的理论模型、方法和经验,发展揭示人体质和功能状态的整体医学将是21世纪现代医学发展的主流方向.     

中药学发展的复杂性科学探讨

在对中药西药化、西药中药化与中西药合用进行分析的基础上,提出了中医药复杂性科学的理念,并论述了其所具有的非线性、动态发展、整体大于部分之和、整体并不等于宏观等特点,认为中药学发展需要微观分析与西药来补充,但要以复杂性科学为指导,不断总结与发展出新的辨证施治(病理状态分析与处理)规律.     

系统自组织与自然目的性

当代科学正在飞速发展。传统的物理科学以个别物质实体作为自己分析的基本对象,而新兴的系统科学则着重对不同物质实体内部的组织结构进行综合性的研究。系统科学的重大理论成就不仅更加深入地展现出生命世界的复杂性,而且还出人意料地揭示了非生命世界与生命世界相类似的复杂性。正如当代科学家们所描绘的:“自60年代以来,我们目睹着数学和物理学中掀起的革命,它们正迫使我们接受一种描述大自然的新观点。……简而言之,复杂性不再仅仅属于生物学了。它正在进入物理学领域,似乎已经根植于自然法则之中了。”(尼     

关于"复杂性研究"和"复杂性科学"

我赞成“复杂性研究”却不赞成“复杂性科学”。道理很简单 :“复杂性研究”是可能的 ,“复杂性科学”是不可能的。在系统科学中 ,如果我们把“复杂性”定义为“复杂系统的动力学特征” ,那么我们当然并且也应当设法对这种特征加以界定、描述、分析。例如 ,我手边有一本武汉大学哲学系赵凯荣的博士论文《复杂性 :人类认识之迷》。作者指出“复杂性是通过系统而且是复杂系统定义的。它是一个系统概念且是一个复杂系统概念 ,它具有结构 ,也具有层次” ,[1] 但尽管这样 ,作者仍然把复杂性划分为系统复杂性、非线性复杂性、自组织复杂性、内时空…     

自然界的复杂性与复杂系统

Ⅰ.普利高津曾指出:“我们对自然的看法正经历着一个根本的转变,即转向多重性、暂时性和复杂性。”①由牛顿力学所确立的“现实世界简单性”的观念正在逐步消解,当代科学已进入探索复杂性的时代。从科学方法的角度来看,过去那种把复杂的事物和过程分解成各个简单的部分,用低级简单运动的规律去解释和研究高级复杂运动的     

论复杂性概念——它的来源、定义、特征和功能

复杂性至今仍然是一个在科学和哲学上都不十分明确的概念,这一状况,阻碍人们对于客观事物包括人类自身的复杂性的认识,直接影响目前正在进行的探索复杂性科学的理论综合,使这一具有划时代意义的工作受到挫折。本文分别就复杂性概念的来源、定义、特征和功能进行阐述,试图达到明确复杂性概念的目的。     

Early Communications in the War Against Terrorism: An Integrative Complexity Analysis

Integrative complexity reflects the degree to which the source of a communication perceives several dimensions and points of view relevant to the topic (differentiation) and the degree to which such characteristics are seen as related to each other (integration). During international crises, bilateral decreases in the integrative complexity of communications frequently precede the outbreak of war; a unilateral decrease reliably precedes surprise strategic attacks. In the current study, complexity was scored in the messages of selected leaders from before to approximately a month after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Even this limited database replicated some of the complexity patterns found previously, as well as showing some novel characteristics. This was the first application of the method to hostilities other than inter–nation or civil wars.     

Is the past prologue for some more than others? The hobo syndrome and job complexity

The current study examines the relationship between an individual's history of changing jobs and future turnover (the so-called “hobo syndrome”). Relying on self-consistency theory, it was hypothesized that the relationship between job mobility history and turnover is moderated by job complexity. Using a sample of 393 employees from two healthcare organizations, multiple methods were used to assess the variables of interest. Job mobility history was assessed with a biodata questionnaire collected before employees were hired. Job complexity was measured objectively by a job complexity index calculated from O*NET data. Turnover was assessed with actual turnover data collected over an 18-month post-hire period. Consistent with our hypothesis, results using event history analyses revealed that previous job changes were positively related to turnover likelihood. Additionally, job complexity moderated the relationship between previous job changes and turnover likelihood, such that previous job changes were more positively related to turnover in complex jobs. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.     

Problem decomposability as a factor in complexity of the dimensional change card sort task

According to cognitive complexity and control (CCC) theory complexity depends on number of levels of a hierarchy of rules. According to relational complexity (RC) theory complexity is a function of the number of related variables in the task, and the most difficult tasks are those in which there is a constraint on decomposition into simpler subtasks. One hundred and twenty, 3–6-year old children were tested on the standard dimensional change card sort (DCCS) task, or a modified version, the DecompDCCS, in which the dimensions could be decomposed into subtasks. The standard version requires two levels of a hierarchy to be processed, and is ternary relational according to RC theory, whereas the subtasks of the DecompDCCS are binary relational. The DecompDCCS was easier than the DCCS for 3–4 year-olds, but all 5–6 year-olds succeeded on both. The results indicate that decomposability into simpler subtasks, as suggested by RC theory, is a factor in difficulty of DCCS. The role of decomposability in other tasks that are persistently difficult for young children is discussed.     

Representations of Complexity: How Nature Appears in Our Theories

In science we study processes in the material world. The way these processes operate can be discovered by conducting experiments that activate them, and findings from such experiments can lead to functional complexity theories of how the material processes work. The results of a good functional theory will agree with experimental measurements, but the theory may not incorporate in its algorithmic workings a representation of the material processes themselves. Nevertheless, the algorithmic operation of a good functional theory may be said to make contact with material reality by incorporating the emergent computations the material processes carry out. These points are illustrated in the experimental analysis of behavior by considering an evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics, the algorithmic operation of which does not correspond to material features of the physical world, but the functional output of which agrees quantitatively and qualitatively with findings from a large body of research with live organisms.     

认知神经科学领域脑电复杂性测度方法的新进展

脑电分析是认知神经科学研究领域重要的研究技术之一。本文主要介绍了新近发展的KC、C1、C2 、C0 、信息传输矩阵和近似熵等基于非线性动力学的脑电复杂性测度分析方法 ,对各种方法的特点进行了简单的讨论 ,并简述了其在分析认知电位时空模式 ,从而揭示脑认知功能研究中的应用。     

儿童图形表征能力测验编制的初步报告

表征能力发展部分地体现为对事物中隐含关系的理解或推理的复杂程度.基于辛自强的"关系-表征复杂性模型",结合Halford的"关系复杂性"理论,通过事前分析任务复杂性确定了难度不同的项目,最终编制成儿童图形表征能力测验,该测验共50个(25类)项目.以265名小学3~6年级儿童为被试,采用计算机呈现方式施测了该测验.结果表明:项目的难度和区分度以及整个测验的重测信度、构想效度、效标关联效度均良好;基于理论的事前任务分析(确定任务的维度数与每个维度内的元素数)对事后任务难度的预测率较高(83.4%).可见,所编制的图形测验能有效测查儿童表征水平.     

Indigenous theorizing in a complex world

Indigenization in psychology leads to modes of theorizing based within local knowledge communities and defined in terms of culturally relevant criteria. The present study offers a conceptualization of the social psychology of science in terms of complexity theory. The value of alternative choices in advancing psychological knowledge is shown by a knowledge landscape whose shape depends on the diversity of paradigms within the community. Dominance by a single paradigm (such as a Western world view) leads to a single-peaked landscape where advances in knowledge are judged using only the criteria of that paradigm. Here, the most effective form of working is incremental step-by-step research; but this ignores the historical context of the indigenous community and runs the risk of promoting a kind of psychology that is irrelevant to its values and priorities. Indigenization is presented as a complexification of the knowledge community building on a diversity of world views, leading to a rugged, multiple-peaked knowledge landscape. Four features of working on rugged landscapes are examined: path dependence, showing the importance of history for shaping the direction of research; fostering research progress through seeding of multiple starting points; the benefits of locally dense networks within knowledge communities; and the role of policy-makers in tuning knowledge landscapes. Examples are drawn from the development of indigenous psychology within a number of countries.     

Complexity of categorical syllogisms: An integration of two metrics

The complexity of categorical syllogisms was assessed using the relational complexity metric, which is based on the number of entities that are related in a single cognitive representation. This was compared with number of mental models in an experiment in which adult participants solved all 64 syllogisms. Both metrics accounted for similarly large proportions of the variance, showing that complexity depends on the number of categories that are related in a representation of the combined premises, whether represented in multiple mental models, or by a single model. This obviates the difficulty with mental models theory due to equivocal evidence for construction of more than one mental model. The “no valid conclusion” response was used for complex syllogisms that had valid conclusions. The results are interpreted as showing that the relational complexity metric can be applied to syllogistic reasoning, and can be integrated with mental models theory, which together account for a wide range of cognitive performances.     

社会认知复杂性的量化指标及其关系

在Kelly个人构念理论的基础上,Bieri提出用构念的分化程度衡量个体社会认知复杂性的思路,并具体用从不同构念上评价每个角色时评分的匹配个数作为复杂性的最化指标。此后,研究者从不同分析思路提出了一系列新的复杂性指标,如根据对构念的相关分析所得组内相关、RMS、SMC等,基于因素分析所得第一因素解释率、主要因素个数及其解释率等,冲突分析所得整体冲突百分比,此外还有MPP、LPP、ASO等各种Fiedler分数。本研究以402名初中一二年级青少年为被试。采用库格测验收集数据,以Gridstat4．0、Excel、SPSSl0．0等软件统计数据,分析了上述各种复杂性指标的内在关联,为同类研究选择使用这些指标提供了依据。     

复杂性理论在心理学研究中的价值

复杂性哲学和复杂性研究为科学研究开辟了一条蹊径,使得人们能够以一种全新的、复杂性的视角来重新认识他们所“熟知、熟悉”的人类世界。复杂性理论的世界观为当前心理学的转向提供了理论支持,而且它的一些具体的研究方法如“黑箱”的方法以及功能模拟方法已经在心理学研究中体现出其价值。可以说,复杂性理论为心理学摆脱当前困境及实现整合开启了一扇光明之门。