Les directives anticipées et la personne de confiance en gériatrie : de l'émergence de mouvements défensifs à une possibilité d'élaboration psychique sur le vieillissement et la mort proche pour le sujet âgé et sa famille

The object of this study is to identify old people's resistances and their family's, concerning advance directives and the personhood's nomination. Semi-structured interviews were realized by 20 hospital patients and 14 persons living in an old people's home. Families named as “personhood” by their parents were also interviewed. Writing advances directives spark off anguish and defence mechanisms among the elderly people and their families, curbing the law's application. But these protocols seem to be used as a tool of the trade by the psychologist in geriatrics. It allows indeed old people to enter in an grieving process and to prepare themselves for the end-of-life.     

Actualité de l'addiction et nécessaire retour au travail de mémoire

Our thesis is that the international psychiatric classifications (DSM-IV, CIM-10) have simply neglected the topical issue of the addiction concept. Indeed, because they are merely based on statistics, they organised the treatments on a political basis while obliterating the true therapeutic approach of the patient's deep suffering. On the other hand, the Humanist tradition issued from Pinel's work two centuries ago and continued by Freud, has questioned this social angst and promoted an interdisciplinary approach where medical, social and psychological realities converge. Relying on psychoanalytic data, we claim that only a work on memory based on a clinical approach which is tailored to suit the patient's particular requirements while taking into account his (past) experience can help him overcome his own tendencies and actions. Finally, we propose some therapeutic directions toward a “necessity to build history”.     

Dysfonctionnement de l'environnement et travail en réseau : approche clinique d'un lien social

Resting against an research-action which related to six districts known as “sensitive” and touched approximately 400 professionals and 500 parents, this text consolidates the report of a dysfunction in the relations between the professionals and the professionals and the parents. It clarifies the idea of a genesis of the passage to the act and conduits at the risk which would be nourished of this dysfunction. A setting in network, which places work on the level of the processes will intra, inter psychic and interpersonal which took part in the emergence of the problems and with the failure of the solutions which were proposed to them, could constitute an alternative to this dysfunction. This text gives a report on the strong moments of the work of development by which the parents and the professionals within the framework of this setting in network pass and whose result could be a protected environment, more stable even indestructible.     

Construction et évaluation d'un questionnaire sur l'estime de soi sociale destiné aux jeunes adultes

Despite the great number of researches available on self-esteem, the conceptualization and measurement of this construct present weaknesses, especially when trying to understand the social dimension of self-esteem among young adults. This article works towards the following objectives: a) to present a conceptualization of global self-esteem; b) to create a model of social self-esteem peculiar to young adults by identifying the principal components of this construct and the weaknesses of the questionnaires used in most studies measuring social self-esteem; c) to examine the validity of a new french instrument intended to measure social self-esteem in young adults aged 16-24, Évaluation sociale de Soi chez les jeunes adultes. The theoretical model of social self-esteem in this research is composed of two dimensions: 1-the feeling of self-competence in various social gatherings; 2-the feeling of social acceptance, popularity and interest in social relationships. Each of these two dimensions are respectively composed of four and three scales. Two studies of the statistical validity of this instrument offer support to the use of this scale to measure the aspects involved in the self-valuation of young adults in the social area.     

Troubles du comportement et adolescence. Problématiques d'accès aux soins et modalités de réponses nouvelles

The psychopathology of adolescence requires particular adaptation of treatments. This article presents the specific organization of psychiatric treatment for adolescents developed in a mental ward. It works in collaboration with paediatric services, school medicine, community homes for adolescents, parents and attending physicians. Going towards adolescents signalled by those partners, we make easier the access to treatment, the “out of walls reception”. Reciprocal therapeutic commitment, worked with the adolescent, allows him to access to a variety of special cares: consultations, therapeutic groups, hospitalisation, “indirect treatments”. Results from three years allows us to stress the relevance of such a specific organization namely for tricky clinical situations.     

Comme réponse à la précarité du lien mère–bébé, les « Petits Pas » : un réseau en périnatalité…

The “Baby Steps” network includes a multi-disciplinary team and aims to accompany parents-to-be and young parents as they meet their newborns. The exchange and development relationships that professionals develop among themselves help to support the notion of parenthood and circumscribe any potential risk. The professionals in the network hail from a variety of backgrounds but they are all involved in perinatal care and by grouping their skills can adapt and optimise the assistance and care they offer to parents. The “Parent Island” reception area and the mother-baby therapy group with a separate father oriented structure are the truly original aspects of the network. Prevention is vital, as is providing therapeutic care for disturbances related to early parent-child relationships. With a strong “group psychology focus” the network creates a sufficiently solid structure to receive any unconscious negative projections from momentarily or deeply distressed parents.     

Études des caractéristiques de l'utilisateur,de la tâche et de l'interface en réalité virtuelle

The increase of virtual reality application and its use into new fields (training, entertainment and health) point up the difficulty for users to be efficient with this new technology. In order to understand these inter-individual differences, we have studied the impact of the task, the interface and the users' characteristics on this performance. For the task, we have focused on manipulation and travel tasks. For the interface, we have studied the impact of the screen size on the performance and finally with regard to the user, we have focused on the impact of working memory and spatial capacities on performance. Our results show a performance gain on large screen whatever the task. They show that the users' spatial capacities predicted the performance, particularly for the tasks realized on a small screen. We conclude that a large screen is a cognitive aid that permits a high level of performance.     

Autorégulation et conduites d'observance thérapeutique : exemple de l'hypertension artérielle

In many pathologies, therapeutic non-observance leads to poor adaptation. Sociocognitive theories about psychological variables involved in behaviour change have allowed a part of intention of new behaviour to be explained, but have failed to predict the adoption of this behaviour. In the present study, we take into account behavioural self-regulation views to explain the adoption of therapeutic observance behaviours in the case of arterial hypertension. Results show that features of personal goals structure as well as motivational regulatory variables are relevant to study therapeutic observance among hypertensive patients. Results will be developed and discussed in this article.     

L'observance thérapeutique : déterminants et modèles théoriques

The aim of this paper is to examine a certain number of parameters which are classically implicated in the emergence of therapeutic observance behavior. This health behavior can be defined as the consequence of a process of a patient's conforming to medical instructions issued by the medical authority in the framework of treating his illness. However, the determinants of following these medical instructions are numerous and interdependent. Therefore, this paper will attempt to present the concept of observance by proposing certain definitions with a rather vague outline. We will then present three principal models specifically devoted to its study. A study of the determinants of observance versus non-observance will then be envisaged and will treat the characteristics peculiar to the sick, as well as the quality of the relation which is maintained between them and the medical staff–doctors. Far from being exhaustive in the presentation of the concept of observance, we will emphasize more the difficulty in truly understanding such behavior; a problematic which finds a new originality for psychology and the human sciences by its focus on the field of health and illness.     

Adolescence et troubles de l'identité dans un contexte d'antagonisme social et culturel. Le cas du jeune Khaled Kelkal

Placing in a theoretical prospect d'interstructuration for the subject and institutions, the article consists of a clinical study of the case of the Young person Khaled Kelkal. The evil being of the teenager, his delinquency and its extremism religious are analyzed in close connection with a singular socioeducative experiment and notorious disorders of the identity in a context of social and cultural antagonism.     

Perception de la maladie et adhérence thérapeutique chez des enfants asthmatiques

This study had two objectives. The first one was to adapt and validate the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for children and their parents. The second one was to assess the influence of parent's and children's asthma perception and parent's involvement in treatment on adherence among children suffering asthma. One hundred and forty-six asthmatic children (8–12 years old) and ninety-two parents completed the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire and a therapeutic adherence scale. Children who have a good understanding of their illness and who think that their treatment control their asthma, have a better therapeutic adherence. The originality of this research lies in the use of the Illness Perception Questionnaire among children; this could be used in other chronic pediatric diseases.     

Chirurgie esthétique : demande de consultation et fonctionnement psychosocial

Plastic surgery is an increasingly widespread practice in France and in the world. Ceaseless increase in the number of consultants leads us to question on the choice of these patients and the psychological consequences their steps and surgical acts. International research mentions the existence of various psychological factors: quality of life, elements dysmorphophobic, characteristic personality… Examination of the review's literature leads to question us on their relevance and their explanatory capacities of the step to consult a plastic surgeon. It is noted that the decision-making of consultation falls under a psychic process where intervenes quality of psychosocial functioning and characteristic personality.     

La méta-analyse en psychologie sociale : principe,méthode et illustration

For several decades, the meta-analysis technique emerges as the most employed method to synthesize a whole of research relating to the same topic, the same process… While synthesizing, statistically, the studies, meta-analysis makes possible to measure the effect-size of a phenomenon and to see which factors influence this phenomenon. This method, well-developed in the Anglo-Saxons' reviews, is little known in France in particular by social psychologists. The following paper presents the basis of the meta-analysis technique, its advantages and the way to use this method if statistical data are presented in frequencies form (a second paper with continuous data and correlation measurements will be submitted later). A case-study presenting the meta-analysis interest is proposed with the help of real data resulting from the comparative study of two well-known psychosocial processes.     

Travailler dans un réseau de santé : effets sur la santé psychique au travail

The new needs as regards care taking charge of patients have contributed to the creation of health networks. As they are growing fast, they are an integral part of the French sanitation system. The impact, on the health professionals, of networking is, today, the object of contrasted research and results, but has little been studied as far as Social Psychology, Work and Organizations are concerned. This article follows a research project which had the objective, on the one hand, to describe the effects of the participation to a health network mental health at work and, on the other hand, to examine the variables and process accounting for the variability of these effects. This research privileges an approach to the health network as a place of socialization and personalization (Malrieu, 1979). The research on the ground is carried out in collaboration with the health network town-hospital Prevention and Taking charge of Pediatric Obesity Network (RéPPOP) Midi-Pyrénées. We have carried out semi-guided interviews with 20 private professionals (8 doctors, 8 dieticians, 3 psychologists, 1 physiotherapist) members of the RePPOP Midi-Pyrénées network. The main results show that the perception of positive and/or negative effects of networking on mental health varies according to the age of membership of the network and the processes of transfer of experience (from professional practice within the network to professional practice off-network and vice versa). Proposals are deduced in terms of continuing education within the network.     

Déficience mentale,conduites d'autonomisation et résolution de problème en période précoce : analyse factorielle des comportements parent–enfant non déficient et porteur d'une trisomie 21

The empirical studies of tutoring until now were concerned little with the situation of the children carrying an early mental deficiency placed in situation of interactions of assisted training of sensorimotor level. By having recourse to a comparative approach between dyads non-defective parend-child of second year of life and parent-child carrying a Down syndrome of the same age of development, the present study shows that the parental interventions of the two populations are characterized primarily by a request of autonomous operation on behalf of the child. On their side, the children of the two populations take an active share in the resolution of the problem, and this even in the absence of parental intervention. The discussion analyses the influence of Down syndrome characteristics on the task achievement and the influence of the parental strategies.     

Analyse de l'activité et mouvements dialogiques dans le cadre de l'instruction au sosie

In this paper, the author is interested in two questions: how to impulse the analysis of the activity in a developmental way for the subjects involved? Which scientific knowledge is useful to explain and understand such a process? Based on Vygotski's work, for whom thought undergoes many changes as it turns into speech, we will first suggest to transform the point of view on “what is difficult to say” for the subjects in work analysis to consider it as resources for the analysis. In the continuity of Vygotski's work, we try to understand what constitutes the heart of this development process, in particular the nature of the changes between internal and external language. We will then present the method called “instructions to the double” as it is taken up in our research team “Clinique de l'Activité”. Finally, analyzing a piece of instructions to the double realized by an employee in a group of social workers dedicated to professional integration, we will identify the dialogical movements present in the analysis process. Bakhtin becomes then an essential reference to understand the migrations of the thought.     

Les garçons agressifs : l'angoisse et ses défenses

In this study we tried to establish a relation between the results obtained from the Rorschach test of 20 Brazilian aggressive boys with those obtained in a French research with “caracteriels”. The groups show similarities as aggressive behaviour and peer relationship difficulties at school. The Rorschach shows a predominance of good form quality of G%, but the F+% is bellow the norms. There is an increase in kinesthetic responses compared to colour responses and the popular responses do not reach 4. The main defence mechanism, “le recours à la fantaisie”, aims to reduce the fear of annihilation. The French research enhanced the understanding of the psychodynamic processes and the decision to recommend a play therapy to the Brazilian group.