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1.
Fred Smith 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,11(3):27-39
Science and technology are “good” things. Still, there are many good things that should not be done by government and there
are many other things that the private sector does far better. Government-funded research and development (R&D) falls into
both these categories.
Research funding is big business. In 1998, the Department of Health and Human Services received $13.1 billion, the National
Aeronautics & Space Administration $9.3 billion, the Department of Energy $5.6 billion, and the National Science Foundation
$2.3 billion. Newt Gingrich, still adhering to the Progressive dictum that “government does it better,” is now calling for
a doubling of current federal research expenditures.
This article will assess the theoretical arguments for government-funded research and examine specific research programs of
the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency. Throughout, I will argue that private property rights, the
rule of law, and free markets are the greatest incentives to conduct scientific research; under-investment in R&D is due not
to market failure but to the failure to have markets.
a public interest group active in economic and environmental public policy issues. Located in Washington, D.C., CEI has a
web site at http://www.cei.org. Mr. Smith has debated free-market approaches to public problems as a guest on MacNeil/Lehrer, Crossfire, and 20/20. This article began as testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, House Committee on Science, 25 March
1998.
National Science Foundation website. 相似文献
2.
Justification for public funding of academic research is based on the linear model of technological advance first proposed by Francis Bacon. The model hypothesizes that government subsidized science generates new technology which creates new wealth. Mainstream economics supports Bacons model by arguing that academic research is a public good. The Bayh–Dole Act allows universities to privatize federally funded research and development (R&D) which is in direct conflict with the public good argument. Diminishing returns to university R&D, challenges to Bacons linear model and the labor exploitation of young scientists by research universities suggest that policy makers may want to reconsider the system for allocating federal R&D to universities and colleges. 相似文献
3.
Like nuclear energy, most technologies could have dual use—for health and well being and disaster and terror. Some research
publications have brought to the forefront the tragic consequences of the latter potential through their possible use. Monitoring
life science research and development (R&D) to prevent possible misuse is a challenging task globally, more so in developing
economies like India, which are emerging as major biotech hubs. As a signatory to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,
India has put in motion a process of evolving a series of measures to manage dual-use technology. The Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR) has taken a lead in drafting model codes of conduct, ethics and practice for use by other S&T agencies to
tailor them as per their requirements. Taking cue from the discussions held by the editors of the various medical and science
journals in the developed world, the Indian Journal of Medical Research, the official publication of the ICMR, is working
on policy and uniform practice of publication of dual-use research results. The Government of India too has promulgated legal
provisions to minimize the risks of misuse of technology, like the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act. Clearly, no single agency
would be able to manage the dual-use of technology effectively. Multiple agencies have to come together to work in tandem
for effective implementation of various measure and also like Janus, ensure that they are neither too restrictive nor intrusive
to discourage the development of science. 相似文献
4.
Cognitive Misfit of Problem-Solving Style at Work: A Facet of Person-Organization Fit 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David Chan 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1996,68(3):194-207
Based on Kirton's Adaption-Innovation Theory (1976, 1977) of problem-solving style at work, the construct of cognitive misfit was developed and proposed as one viable facet of Person-Organization fit. Cognitive misfit refers to the degree of mismatch between an individual's cognitive style of problem solving and the style demands of the work context. Relationships among cognitive misfit, job performance, and actual individual turnover after 3 years were examined in a sample of 253 engineers in either a Staff engineering function or a Research and Development (R&D) engineering function. The Staff function and the R&D function corresponded to a work context predominant in adaptive-style demands and a work context predominant in innovative-style demands, respectively. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that cognitive misfit was uncorrelated with job performance, but provided significant and substantial incremental validity in predicting actual turnover over the predictability provided by performance. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research were discussed in terms of levels of analysis issues and the current focus on Person-Organization fit in selection and organizational behavior research. 相似文献
5.
Research shows that R&D's use of sales’ market intelligence positively influences innovation performance. However, little is known about whether this effect hinges on salespersons’ engagement towards and perceptions of market intelligence activities (MIA). Moreover, research remains incomplete regarding the drivers of salespersons’ MIA engagement. Using dyadic data from 359 salespersons and 239 R&D managers in a multi-level model based on the job demands-resources theory, we demonstrate that the positive effect of R&D's use of sales’ market intelligence on innovation performance is especially pronounced when salespersons’ market intelligence generation is high and role ambiguity is low. We also show that although salespersons’ self-set MIA goals are a strong driver of their MIA engagement, not assigning salespersons MIA goals may be a double-edged sword: in the short run, salespersons might engage in MIA voluntarily. However, in the long run, they could incur psychological costs in terms of role ambiguity and conflict, preventing them from engaging in MIA. 相似文献
6.
Dindo M. Campilan Gordon Prain Cherry Leah Bagalanon 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,11(4):114-131
This paper discusses the experience of a Philippines-based agricultural research program, where participatory evaluation is
embedded in a broader, user-centered participatory research approach. Three case projects illustrate and analyze participatory
evaluation of agricultural research in a developing country context. Different evaluation types are identified and their use
in different phases of the research process is discussed. These field experiences show how “evaluation from the inside” can
contribute to effective research planning and implementation, particularly in enhancing sensitivity to user needs and situations.
network for user participatory rootcrop R&D sponsored by the International Potato Center in Asia. Under his leadership, UPWARD
has increasingly sought to build participatory monitoring and evaluation into the network’s research and development activities.
He has a Ph.D. in communication and innovation studies from Wageningen Agricultural University in The Netherlands. Prior joining
UPWARD, Campilan worked with the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction and the Philippine Root Crop Research and
Training Center. His research interests include communication of innovations, institutional linkage development, participatory
research methods and tools, and strengthening local knowledge systems.
From 1991 until 1997 he was coordinator of Users’ Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) network.
He was previously based in Latin America. His main research interests include the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of crop
genetic diversity conservation and utilization involving ethnobotanical studies, on-farm conservation, and work on seed systems.
He is also interested in research on rural enterprise development. He has been actively involved in capacity building initiatives
among national agricultural researchers, especially in participatory research methods and planning techniques. He can be contacted
CIP-ESEAP, Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya Ciapus, Bogor 16610, Indonesia, fax (62 251) 316 264, e-mail: G.Prain@cgiar.org.
Her major responsibilities include facilitating the network’s activities on sustainable crop management R&D and on capacity
building in participatory approaches and methods. At the UPWARD coordinating office, she is in charge of training, publications,
and information management. She has extensive training and hands on experience in the use of participatory methods and tools,
particularly through a Philippines project on soil resource management for sweetpotato production. She has an MSc in family
resource management and development communication from the University of the Philippines at Los Ba?os. Her research interests
include sustainable crop management, strengthening local R&D capacity, and field testing participatory methods and tools. 相似文献
7.
Thomas E. Clarke 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2002,15(3):58-69
Not only is good management of research the critical difference between a thriving research organization and an average one,
but research is the most difficult to manage of all functional activities. (Lamontagne Report, 1972, Vol. 2, referenced in Vol. 6, Ch. 10, p. 8 of the 1994 Report of the Auditor General of Canada).
Thomas E. Clarke graduated from the University of British Columbia with a Master’s in Physics in 1967. During his employment
at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., he became interested in the effective management of scientists and engineers and returned
to U.B.C. to obtain an MBA in organizational behavior. Subsequently, he held numerous positions in the Canadian government
relating to R&D. During this time he designed Canada’s Industrial Innovation Center Program to support the training of future
technical entrepreneurs and to provide advice to small high-tech businesses. In 1980, he started his own consulting firm,
Stargate Consultants Limited, 〈www.stargateconsultants.ca〉, which specializes in science policy/program studies and R&D management
training. 相似文献
8.
Melanie Barbato 《Religion》2020,50(3):353-371
ABSTRACT This article discusses greeting messages as a genre of interreligious communication. Greeting messages are defined as official communication issued by religious institutions and addressed to the members of another religious community on the occasion of specific feast days or anniversaries. Drawing on the insights of politolinguistic analysis, this article treats these messages primarily as a form of public diplomacy. The case study analyses the messages issued on the occasion of the Hindu festival Diwali/Deepavali by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and World Council of Churches between 2015 and 2017. Distributed through the social media and posted on the institutional websites, the Diwali messages seek to speak as a Christian voice to all Hindus. Beyond the official addressee, the messages also potentially face the scrutiny of the global public sphere, especially an internal Christian readership. This article analyses what language strategies are used to deal with these varied demands. 相似文献
9.
D. Barry Lumsden John G. Plotts C. Richard Wells Ron W. Newsom 《Journal of Research on Christian Education》2013,22(1):61-74
Research was conducted among the presidents of higher education institutions which belong to the Council of Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU). The purpose of the investigation was to develop a profile of their career paths to the presidency. Data about CCCU presidents were then compared to similar data regarding non-CCCU presidents studied by the American Council on Education. Similarities and differences between the two groups of presidents are presented in this article. 相似文献
10.
Time pressure, one of the factors of organizational innovation climate, has an inconsistent effect on employee creativity. Based on the interactional approach, this study attempted to describe time pressure as a moderator. Data were collected from two surveys of R&D employees at Taiwanese national research institutions in 2007 and 2009. The results showed that time pressure moderated the relationship between organizational innovation climate and creative outcomes. As most theorists had predicted, in a strong organizational innovation climate, time pressure hindered creative outcomes. However, as many practitioners advocate, time pressure enhanced creative outcomes in a weak organizational innovation climate. The implications in a time pressure/organizational innovation climate matrix are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Daan Schuurbiers Susanne Sleenhoff Johannes F. Jacobs Patricia Osseweijer 《Nanoethics》2009,3(3):197-211
This paper presents and evaluates two advanced courses organised in Oxford as part of the European project Nanobio-RAISE and suggests using their format to encourage multidisciplinary engagement between nanoscientists and nanoethicists. Several nanoethicists have recently identified the need for ‘better’ ethics of emerging technologies, arguing that ethical reflection should become part and parcel of the research and development (R&D) process itself. Such new forms of ethical deliberation, it is argued, transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries and require the active engagement and involvement of both nanoethicists and nanoscientists with the broader issues surrounding technological developments. Whereas significant research efforts into multi- and interdisciplinary collaborations during R&D processes are now emerging, opportunities for encouraging multidisciplinary engagement through education have remained relatively underexplored. This paper argues that educational programmes could be a natural extension of ongoing collaborative research efforts ‘in the lab’ and analyses how the Nanobio-RAISE courses could be used as a model for course development. In addition to exploring how the elements that were conducive to multidisciplinary engagement in this course could be preserved in future courses, this paper suggests shifting the emphasis from public communication towards ethical deliberation. Further course work could thus build capacity among both nanoscientists and nanoethicists for doing ‘better’ nanoethics. 相似文献
12.
Keller RT 《The Journal of applied psychology》2006,91(1):202-210
Transformational leadership, initiating structure, and selected substitutes for leadership were studied as longitudinal predictors of performance in 118 research and development (R&D) project teams from 5 firms. As hypothesized, transformational leadership predicted 1-year-later technical quality, schedule performance, and cost performance and 5-year-later profitability and speed to market. Initiating structure predicted all the performance measures. The substitutes of subordinate ability and an intrinsically satisfying task each predicted technical quality and profitability, and ability predicted speed to market. Moderator effects for type of R&D work were hypothesized and found whereby transformational leadership was a stronger predictor of technical quality in research projects, whereas initiating structure was a stronger predictor of technical quality in development projects. Implications for leadership theory and research are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Riccardo Petrella 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1992,5(3):3-25
The aim of the present paper is to analyze the current processes of internationalization, multinationalization, and globalization of R&D activities with the aim of identifying new forms, if any, of the global organization of science and technology. Special attention will be paid to interfirm behavior, the role of the state, and global scientific and technological cooperation. The main thesis is that current processes are characterized by ? a new phase of reconcentration and recentralization of R&D activities within the context of an increasingly conflicting interpenetration and integration at the technical and economic level among the most developed countries; and ? the growing influence and power of the private sector and, conversely, the relative decline of state influence over the definition of the priorities, content, and organization of R&D activities at national, international, and global levels. 相似文献
14.
Johnston JM 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2000,23(2):141-148
This paper considers research and development (R&D) as a style of investigation that holds promise for the field of behavior analysis. Contrasted with academic-style research, R&D tends to be highly targeted toward achievement of specific outcomes, which are determined by a user community. R&D is typically multidisciplinary in character and is coordinated by a funding source. R&D usually includes extensive field testing and systematically addresses technology transfer. A program of R&D focused on detector dogs serves as an exemplar of this approach for behavior analysis. 相似文献
15.
Research and Development (R&D) evaluation within agriculture is becoming increasingly important as a planning tool in the
research management process in eastern, central, and southern Africa. Evaluation of agricultural research in the region is
performed at various levels for different purposes. This article traces the evolution of R&D activities, and looks at the
current status of the agricultural research evaluation and the capacity to undertake such evaluations as a part of research
management-both at the national and regional levels. It critically examines the experiences of the region in evaluating agricultural
research and the efforts made to promote such activities, summarizing the lessons learned. Finally, the article analyzes the
critical constraints impeding the successful adoption of the agricultural research evaluation process and offers suggestions,
which could alleviate these constraints.
From 1993 to 1997, he was an advisor on impact evaluation and policy analysis to the Southern Africa Center for Cooperation
in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training (SACCAR), in Botswana. Graduated in agricultural economics from
the University of Guelph, Canada, he started his professional career in Africa, at the University of Dar-es-Salaam in 1979.
From 1982 to 1991, he worked for CIMMYT, and was then a senior economist at the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics in Canberra. He has worked and published in a range of subjects, including agricultural policy and development,
agricultural marketing, production economics, farming systems research, capacity building, and impact assessment. Anandajayasekeram
is the current president of the Association for Farming Systems Research and Extension and the Southern African Association
for Farming Systems Research and Extension.
Dr. David R. Martella has, since 1991, been Regional Agricultural Advisor at the United State Agency for International Development,
Regional Economic Development Support Office for East and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya. He previously worked as an agricultural
economist and advisor for USAID in Mozambique. Martella has fifteen years of experience in farming and related enterprises
as owneroperator in California, in Mexico, and in Swaziland. He also has sixteen years of research and program management
experience in Africa. His areas of specialization include economic theory, econometrics and quantitative methods, and experimental
design. Martella has a graduate degree in agricultural economics from Purdue University. 相似文献
16.
Dresser R 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2006,27(2):115-139
Pharmaceutical companies are major sponsors of biomedical research. Most scholars and policymakers focus their attention on
government and academic oversight activities, however. In this article, I consider the role of pharmaceutical companies’ internal
ethics statements in guiding decisions about corporate research and development (R&D). I review materials from drug company
websites and contributions from the business and medical ethics literature that address ethical responsibilities of businesses
in general and pharmaceutical companies in particular. I discuss positive and negative uses of pharmaceutical companies’ ethics
materials and describe shortcomings in the companies’ existing ethics programs. To guide employees and reassure outsiders,
companies must add rigor, independence, and transparency to their R&D ethics programs. 相似文献
17.
G. A. Nesvetailov’s 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1993,6(1):38-51
In this paper a method is outlined for measuring the diversity of the results of applied R&D with the use of IPC (International
Patent Classification). The method has been tested in the contexts of the academic physical, engineering, and chemical institutes.
The trend of applied research at a given institute increases both at the level of classes and subclasses, and at the IPC level.
Inventions developed within specializations at each institute have a greater efficiency than other forms of inventive activity.
The objective was to seek the optimal extent of diversification of applied R&D, which would simultaneously ensure the preservation
of the scientific specialization of an institute, the high level of scientific research associated with developing innovations,
and the high overall efficiency of each institute. 相似文献
18.
The assertion by Baer and Lambert (1990) that social science training does not promote radicalism, is tested in two studies.
The first, using a sample of politically active students from Montréal (N=68) and measures of radical ideology and political
convictions, shows social science students are over-represented among politically active students, and more likely to espouse
radical ideology and label themselves members of groups aiming to restructure society, than students from other fields. The
second study compares first and third-year social science students from Toronto (N=99) on measures of radical ideology, attitudes
toward groups favouring change or the status quo, and causal attributions regarding poverty and unemployment. Results suggest
social science training fosters positive evaluations of groups seeking change, espousal of radical ideology, tendency to fault
the system for social problems, decrease in tendency to fault individuals, and development of a coherent ideological framework.
Implications for academic socialization theories and methodological issues are discussed.
Université Blaise Pascal
This research was supported in part by grants from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council and from the Academic
Research Program of the Department of National Defence of Canada awarded to the first author. The opinions expressed herein
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the institutions with which they are affiliated. The
authors would like to thank Dr. Stuart Lawson, at the Psychology Department at Queen's University, Kingston, for the use of
his program comparing correlation matrices. We would also like to acknowledge the helpful comments of Editor Bruce J. Biddle. 相似文献
19.
Frederick M. E. Grouzet Robert J. Vallerand Edgar E. Thill Pierre J. Provencher 《Motivation and emotion》2004,28(4):331-346
Research based on self-determination theory (SDT; E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 1985, 2000) has shown that motivation is influenced by the social environment and also leads to outcomes. Based on such research, R. J. Vallerand (1997) has posited the existence at different levels of generality of an integrated motivational sequence where environmental factors (e.g., success/failure) influence perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness (psychological mediators), which in turn determine to what extent one exhibits self-determined motivation. Motivation then leads to outcomes. The present study tested the validity of this integrated sequence at the situational level using an experimental design. Participants (N = 359) were randomly assigned to conditions of success or failure on a leisure task and elements of the integrated sequence were assessed. Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the postulated motivational sequence. Results are discussed in light of SDT.This research was supported by grants and fellowships from the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et laide à la recherche (FCAR) and the Social Sciences Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) to Robert J. Vallerand. We would like to thank Sandrine Passelaigue for her help in collecting the data. 相似文献
20.
Sheila Slaughter 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(2):219-222
This commentary on K.D. Pimple’s “Six Domains of Research Ethics”, focuses on the area of institutional integrity and looks at “relationships between researchers, their sponsoring institutions, funding agencies, and the government,” considering the implications of institutional demands and support for research, and, in turn, demands and support on research priorities and public education. 相似文献