原发性阑尾肿瘤30例临床诊治分析

为探讨原发性阑尾肿瘤的临床特点,提高阑尾肿瘤的诊治水平,本文回顾性分析本院2009年1月~2016年7月经手术治疗的原发性阑尾肿瘤30例患者临床资料。本组30例患者临床表现主要为阑尾炎和腹部包块,均经手术和病理确诊,包括黏液性肿瘤19例,阑尾腺癌8例,阑尾类癌2例,恶性淋巴瘤1例。行右半结肠切除术3例,行回盲部切除术8例,15例行单纯阑尾切除,其他手术方式4例。随访25例,2例腺癌术后死于其他疾病,1例粘液性肿瘤死于白血病,1例腺癌于术后10个月复发,余均无复发和转移。阑尾肿瘤临床少见,缺乏特异临床表现,术前诊断困难,主要依靠术中快速冰冻切片和术后病理确诊。手术为主要的治疗方法,术式选择是影响预后的关键因素。     

逆行性肾盂造影联合输尿管软镜在诊断小肾盏癌中的价值

探讨逆行性肾盂造影联合输尿管软镜在诊断小肾盏癌中的价值。回顾分析5例小肾盏癌临床资料,术后病理检查结果均提示尿路上皮癌I级（Ta-G1）,术后定期行膀胱内灌注化疗药物,且均未出现肿瘤其他部位转移等并发症发生。对5例患者均进行随访,1年期间每3个月行尿常规及B超检查均正常,1年生存率达100％。患者出现血尿症状,虽然常规检查（尿常规、B超、IVU、CT或MRI等）诊断不明确者,都可行逆行性肾盂造影检查。一旦逆行性肾盂造影检查提示异常图像,均可提示肾盏癌,使误诊率及漏诊率降至最低程度,尽可能阻断早期肿瘤的发展。故逆行性肾孟造影联合输尿管软镜可提高早期小肾盏癌的术前诊断率。     

FGFR1和VEGF在肺鳞癌中的表达及其对预后影响

探讨成纤维生长因子受体1(FGFR1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在肺鳞癌中的表达及临床意义。采用免疫组化法检测88例术后肺鳞癌患者癌组织及29例癌旁组织中FGFR1及VEGF的表达。FGFR1、VEGF在肺鳞癌癌组织中的表达率均高于癌旁组织。且二者呈正相关关系。FGFR1的表达吸烟患者高于不吸烟者,VEGF的表达与淋巴结转移、病理分期、分化程度相关。FGFR1的表达与患者总生存期无显著统计学相关。VEGF阳性表达者有明显不良预后。经COX多因素分析FGFR1、VEGF、淋巴结转移、分化程度是肺鳞癌患者术后的独立预后因子。FGFR1和VEGF是肺鳞癌的预后因子,可能成为肺鳞癌靶向治疗的靶点。     

胎盘内绒癌1例

胎盘内绒癌是妊娠性绒癌的一个罕见亚型,虽然只发生在胎盘内,但诊断时多伴有肺、脑转移,患者预后较差。本病一般于妊娠中晚期发病,临床上很少考虑本病,因此不易早期诊断,多数是在转移症状持续存在或加重时才得以诊断。因胎盘不常规送检及梗死样改变,此病常被漏诊。本文报道1例胎盘内绒癌,结合文献综合分析其临床表现、病理特征及预后,从而提高对该类疾病的认识,做到早期诊断、早期治疗。     

青年肺癌的临床特点及预后因素分析

探索青年肺癌患者临床特点并进行预后分析。回顾分析2010年1月~2013年12月术后病理证实的63例青年肺癌患者的临床及病理资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法和Cox回归进行青年肺癌患者预后的单因素及多因素分析。结果63例青年肺癌患者5年生存率(OS)为37.4%。单因素分析发现患者的生存期与淋巴转移、胸膜侵犯、腺癌病理的亚分型、TNM分期有关;与性别、年龄分层、遗传倾向、发生部位、分化程度无关。多因素分析提示胸膜侵犯(P=0.007)、淋巴结转移、TNM分期(P0.001)为影响青年肺癌患者生存的独立危险因素。TNM分期、胸膜侵犯及淋巴结转移与青年肺癌患者预后相关。有症状出现时分期已经偏晚,早期根治治疗效果确切。     

LKB1蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及意义

为了探讨肝激酶B1（LKB1）蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达水平及其与食管鳞癌临床特征及生存期的关系,应用免疫组化方法检测120例食管鳞癌患者组织中LKB1蛋白表达情况并对诸多临床特征进行相关性分析研究,发现LKB1蛋白在食管癌旁正常组织的阳性表达率高于癌组织;LKB1蛋白表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、病变长度及浸润深度无关而与分化程度、淋巴结转移及临床分期（TNM）相关,且LKB1蛋白阴性组预后较阳性组差.可见LKB1视为抑癌基因影响食管鳞癌的预后,可能成为食管鳞癌新型的临床预后指标之一.     

早期宫颈腺癌术后同步放化疗的预后不良因素分析

分析影响早期宫颈腺癌术后同步放化疗的预后不良因素,以期为宫颈腺癌术后临床治疗方法的选择提供理论依据。回顾性分析2003年1月~2009年1月在大连医科大学附属第二医院诊治的35例ⅠB2~ⅡA期宫颈腺癌术后患者,18例采用单纯盆腔外照射,17例采用盆腔外照射+腔内照射,放射治疗期间同步顺铂增敏。复发/转移率单因素分析结果示:盆腔外照射+腔内照射复发率降低(P0.05);间质浸润深度、淋巴结累及阳性和脉管癌栓与转移密切相关,P值分别为0.023、0.000和0.001。多因素分析结果显示间质浸润深度、淋巴结累及阳性和脉管癌栓均为转移的独立预后影响因素(P0.05)。总生存率相关性因素分析结果示:间质浸润深度、淋巴结累及和脉管癌栓为其独立预后影响因素(P0.05)。无病生存率相关因素分析结果示:间质浸润深度、淋巴结累及和脉管癌栓为其独立预后影响因素(P0.05)。     

电视胸腔镜在胸部手术中的应用

为了探讨电视胸腔镜手术在胸部手术中的应用价值,回顾性分析了2004年3月-2008年8月经电视胸腔镜手术治疗的106例患者临床资料。结果显示,全组中自发性气胸59例,肺炎性假瘤、结核瘤等良性病变24例,肺癌6例,纵隔肿瘤13例,血气胸2例,心包积液1倒,肺转移癌1例。VAMT56例,中转开胸7例,手术时间25min-185min,平均82.2min。术后并发症5例,肺漏气3例,胸腔积液1例,肺部感染1例。无手术死亡。提示胸腔镜手术具有创伤小,恢复快,疼痛轻,并发症少,符合美容等优点,选择合适的患者行VATS手术是安全可行的。     

电视胸腔镜在胸部手术中的应用

为了探讨电视胸腔镜手术在胸部手术中的应用价值,回顾性分析了2004年3月～2008年8月经电视胸腔镜手术治疗的106例患者临床资料.结果显示,全组中自发性气胸59例,肺炎性假瘤、结核瘤等良性病变24例,肺癌6例,纵隔肿瘤13例,血气胸2例,心包积液1例,肺转移癌1例.VAMT 56例,中转开胸7例,手术时间25min～185min,平均82.2min.术后并发症5例,肺漏气3例,胸腔积液1例,肺部感染1例.无手术死亡.提示胸腔镜手术具有创伤小,恢复快,疼痛轻,并发症少,符合美容等优点,选择合适的患者行VATS手术是安全可行的.     

长期机械通气患者的气道管理方法初探

探讨ICU长期机械通气患者人工气道的管理方法及其对预后的影响。回顾性分析我院中心ICU2006年1月至今4例连续机械通气时间大于3个月患者的临床资料,总结人工气道管理经验。通过加强气道管理,可以明显减少抗菌药物的应用,有效改善预后。4例患者中1例成功撤机封管出院,2例至今仍生存,1例死亡。提示具体有效的呼吸道管理措施是减少呼吸机相关性肺炎、延长患者生命及提高治愈率的保证。     

Genes and family environment in familial clustering of cancer

Familial clustering of a disease is defined as the occurrence of the disease within some families in excess of what would be expected from the occurrence in the population. It has been demonstrated for several cancer types, ranging from rare cancers as the adenomatosis-coli-associated colon cancer or the Li-Fraumeni syndrome to more common cancers as breast cancer and colon cancer. Familial clustering, however, is merely an epidemiological pattern, and it does not tell whether genetic or environmental causes or both in combination are responsible for the familial clustering. Familial clustering may be due to genetic predisposition to the disease, but exposure to environmental factors — shared by members of some families, but not by members of other families — may also cause familial clustering and hence mimic genetic inheritance in the study of nuclear families. Based on assumptions regarding the individual steps in the biological process starting with exposure to carcinogens and ending with death from disseminated cancer we suggest that genetic and environmental factors may both be involved in most of these steps. The present paper focuses on research methodologies necessary to discriminate between the effect of genes and family environment in the development of cancer.     

Is Alexithymia Related to Colon Cancer? A Survey of Patients Undergoing a Screening Colonoscopy Examination

The current study examined whether alexithymia is involved in colon cancer as has been found in breast and uterine cancer research. The TAS-20 was administered before examination to patients who underwent colon cancer screening. Histological data were obtained from the biopsies. Gender, age, education, smoking and drinking habits, and personal and family histories of neoplastic colonic disease were controlled for in the analysis. Both adenoma and adenocarcinoma patients had higher TAS-20 scores than negative cases, and both high and intermediate levels of alexithymia were implicated. Difficulty identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking were the most prominent facets related to the disease process.     

结直肠癌诊断技术述评

结直肠癌是消化道最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。目前结直肠癌诊断技术的研究涵盖了分子生物学、肿瘤学、影像学等多个学科,得到不断发展。在以往的诊断技术的基础上,结合新的理论和方法,采用正确的诊断策略及早发现结直肠癌对控制其发病率和病死率起着重要作用。     

Accuracy of Self-Reported Personal History of Cancer in an Outpatient Breast Center

The self-reporting of cancer history is becoming increasingly important, as it frequently guides medical decision-making. We studied the accuracy of personal cancer history using a self-administered questionnaire, comparing the results with the Tumor Registry at our institution. Among 39,662 records, we identified 3614 women with a single cancer in the Tumor Registry who reported none or one cancer on their questionnaire. The sensitivity in self-reporting cancers was 85.7%, ranging from 92.1% for breast cancer to 42.9% for leukemia. The accuracy for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma was significantly better than other cancers (p=0.00027, CI: 1.4–3.88). Analysis of patient's characteristics showed that Caucasians reported breast cancer more accurately than Asian/Pacific Islanders (p=0.008), and those with Jewish ancestry more accurately than non-Jewish (p=0.0435). These results will help us to improve data collection and thus improve medical decision-making.     

Cowden Syndrome: A Critical Review of the Clinical Literature

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi-system disease involving hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins and increased risks for thyroid, breast and possibly other cancers. Benign breast, thyroid, uterine and skin lesions are also common. Approximately 80% of patients with CS have an identifiable germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The majority of the existing data on the frequencies of component clinical features have been obtained from compilations of case reports in the literature, many of which predate the establishment in 1996 of consensus diagnostic criteria. Many of these reports also suffer from ascertainment bias which emphasized the dermatologic features of the disease. This paper presents an overview of Cowden syndrome focusing on a critical evaluation of the major literature on the component cancers, benign features, and molecular findings in CS, noting the limitations of the published data.     

经腹会阴直肠癌术后肠梗阻行结肠造口灌肠治疗的临床研究

评价吸痰管灌肠治疗经腹会阴直肠癌术后肠梗阻的可行性与临床疗效。一次性吸痰管经结肠造口灌肠或肛管经结肠造口灌肠治疗38例经腹会阴直肠癌术后肠梗阻。结果20例吸痰管灌肠治疗组均安全放置或减压,其操作成功率为100％（20/20）。吸痰管灌肠治疗组大部分患者腹痛、腹胀明显缓解,并腹围、X线肠管最大直径、C T肠管最长液平明显小于灌肠前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。吸痰管灌肠治疗组明显优于肛管灌肠组。一次性吸痰管经结肠造口灌肠治疗经腹会阴直肠癌术后肠梗阻的操作技术是安全的、可行的,并吸痰管经结肠造口灌肠是治疗经腹会阴直肠癌术后肠梗阻的有效方法。     

Breast Cancer in Men: A Need for Psychological Intervention

Male breast cancer is a serious issue that needs to be addressed more fully by the medical and public community. However, due to a lack of awareness and limited research on the topic, there is a general absence of knowledge concerning the psychological implications of this disease in men as well as a need for greater understanding of the medical diagnosis and treatment of male breast carcinoma. Similarly, there still remains a considerable gender difference between the awareness of female breast cancer and male breast cancer Although breast cancer in men makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United States, it is increasing in incidence. There are approximately 2000 new cases and approximately 450 deaths due to male breast cancer each year. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in men is very similar to that described in women, however, it has been shown that men are being diagnosed at a later stage of the disease than women.     

Retrospective Denial as A Coping Method

Worldwide, gastric cancer is one of the most common and fatal cancers. The majority of patients present with an advanced stage of disease. Even with use of palliative chemotherapy most patients die within 1?year after diagnosis. Medical psychological attention after a diagnosis of incurable cancer is focused on end of life support. This paper presents the care of a patient treated with palliative intent with chemotherapy for an irresectable histologically confirmed gastric cancer. When, unexpectedly prolonged symptom free survival followed, the reaction of the patient came as a surprise to the attending medical team. In this case history we urge those who care for incurable cancer patients, that the rare patient who survives against all odds may require special psychological care.     

Cancer Risk Assessment Using Genetic Panel Testing: Considerations for Clinical Application

With the completion of the Human Genome Project and the development of high throughput technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, the use of multiplex genetic testing, in which multiple genes are sequenced simultaneously to test for one or more conditions, is growing rapidly. Reflecting underlying heterogeneity where a broad range of genes confer risks for one or more cancers, the development of genetic cancer panels to assess these risks represents just one example of how multiplex testing is being applied clinically. There are a number of issues and challenges to consider when conducting genetic testing for cancer risk assessment, and these issues become exceedingly more complex when moving from the traditional single-gene approach to panel testing. Here, we address the practical considerations for clinical use of panel testing for breast, ovarian, and colon cancers, including the benefits, limitations and challenges, genetic counseling issues, and management guidelines.     

国外癌症患者疾病获益感的研究现状及启示

虽然癌症及其治疗会给患者带来一些消极的心理后遗症,但是许多患者也从他们的患病经历中发现了对他们有益的变化。积极心理学家将此益处相关的认知命名为疾病获益感,即特定疾病经历中感知到益处。研究发现这种认知有助于患者的疾病适应,使患者积极乐观地面对生活。目前,癌症患者的疾病获益感已受到广泛关注,并应用于相关研究。本文通过综述国外研究中疾病获益感的内涵,测量工具及干预模式,以探讨其对国内癌症患者心理护理的启示。