家族伦理、家族愿景和华人家族企业的内部治理

华人家族企业在内部治理上体现出一定的独特性,这种独特性和华人社会中的家族伦理有着一定的对应关系,表征为基于纵向有序伦理的家长式权威治理以及基于横向差序有别伦理的关系治理.华人社会中的家族伦理之所以会从日常领域嵌入到企业场域并产生强势影响,很大程度上是出于家族愿景的偏好.并主要体现在代际传承和控制权让渡层面;但值得关注的是:由于企业组织理性、市场理性和家族伦理的非兼容性,家族成员尤其是家族企业主持人会在一定程度上超越家族伦理理念并进而矫正、优化企业的内部治理机制,带来有限度的"伦理脱嵌".     

论民主制度下的政治忠诚缺失及其对策

民主制度需要公民的政治忠诚.西方民主制度下却出现了公民政治忠诚的缺失现象,它使公民公共意识缺乏、个人权利得不到更好的保护和国家利益遭受损失.它的造成既有民主制度自身的原因,又有民主制度之外的原因.由于西方民主制度下公民政治忠诚的缺失与自由主义政治伦理话语有着内在联系,因此,只有超越西方自由主义政治伦理话语,民主制度所需要的公民政治忠诚才可能产生,民主制度才会健康地运转.     

论忠诚之为政治伦理美德

"忠诚"是政治伦理中的一个重要范畴。中国儒家的忠诚观构成了儒家道德理想主义落实到社会政治生活实际的观念构架。在现代政治语境中,忠诚理论必须归复孔孟的人际对等性与政治对应性的内涵。以这一内涵为基础,便可以明确当代政治实践中的行政个体与民众、上级、良知等具体忠诚对象之间的关系定位。政府的权力源于民众权利的让渡,因而,忠诚于人民是无条件的绝对命令,忠诚于上级则是有条件的理性服从,忠诚于道德良知则是忠诚能否实现、行政个体是否具备政治伦理美德的重要的衡量尺度。     

组织忠诚对企业伦理认同的构建

企业面临伦理认同难题,关键在于如何发挥组织忠诚的正面效应。组织忠诚作为态度和行为,形成了企业的向心力结构。以组织忠诚为依托,企业伦理认同的关键,是观念体系的构建和制度体系的路径依赖。企业要灵活地使用组织忠诚的杠杆原理,从企业特质及其实际情况出发,筹划"组织承诺"和"组织公民行为"。一方面,源自情感认同的组织承诺,是企业中由观念体系而来的组织忠诚,是构建企业伦理认同的"阿基米德点";另一方面,源自制度激励的"组织公民行为",是企业中由制度体系而来的组织忠诚,是企业伦理认同的构建动源。     

忠诚与幸福关系的论证

在道德生活中,人们总是无法回避"人应该怎样生活"这一苏格拉底问题,其实质是要解决美德与幸福之间的关系。人们往往通过反思正义、智慧、节制等具体美德是否促进幸福来论证上述问题,但是鲜有人系统地论证"忠诚"与幸福的关系。忠诚对幸福的影响要么被忽略了,要么被视为对幸福不那么重要。我们试图从儒家伦理、美德论、功利论、义务论和积极心理学等维度论证忠诚对人类幸福具有某种促进作用,但是尚未找到充分的证据证明忠诚与幸福具有因果关系。     

当代伦理学的"生活世界转向"及其形态特质

作为起点和终点,生活世界始终从根本上诠释着伦理学存在的价值和意义.然而,现代性伦理学不仅将有机的生活世界硬性分裂为两个抽象领域,而且试图在一种客观世界与主观世界、理性与非理性的两极演进中探求伦理学的普遍价值标准,结果使自身陷入"无根"的困境之中.到20世纪六七十年代,随着现代性问题的全方位凸显,伦理学开始向生活世界原点复归,并由此呈现出了融理论伦理与实践伦理、规范伦理与美德伦理于一体的形态特质.     

人与非人动物"嵌合体"研究的伦理学分析与思考

人与非人动物嵌合体的研究,作为人类提高自身健康素质的技术工具,以科学技术的形式改变着人们的生活方式和思维方式,寻找遗传性或者难治性疾病的致病基因和治疗新途径,追求个人和社会整体的良好生存状态,有着巨大的医疗价值,符合"行善"的伦理原则,应该允许限制性的开展.考虑到可能引发的伦理和高技术风险,履行审慎的准入制度.进行规范的伦理管理和严格的法规、行政管理是非常必要的.     

"全球伦理"的可能与现实

"全球伦理"问题是近年全球化讨论中的一个理论热点,是应用伦理学发展的一个亮点.基于"可能性"的讨论是一个必要的理论逻辑起点,但各家的切入点各不相同,体现了不同的方法和视角.但大多数都未能从伦理与道德相区别的意义上加以思考和立论,使之对"可能性"的理解和把握中概念含混,意义不明.本文从伦理与道德的区别入手,认为"全球伦理"与"全球道德"是两个不同的概念,由此提出应从"伦理可能"和"道德可能"的区分上来把握"全球道德/伦理"问题,以期使这一问题获得进一步的思考和讨论.     

"三个代表"重要思想的伦理思想探论

"三个代表"重要思想的伦理思想是以推进党的建设伟大工程,加强党的执政伦理建设为核心而形成和发展起来的,本质上是一种追求先进与崇高并始终以人民利益为最高价值取向的政党伦理,并贯穿在社会主义经济伦理和伦理文化建设等方面,是以江泽民为代表的第三代中国共产党人在实践中坚持、丰富和发展马克思主义伦理思想所做出的创造性成就与历史性贡献的集中体现.     

家族企业成长中的伦理困境及其对策——以浙江省温州市受访企业为例

家族企业和其他类型的企业相比,在产权结构、管理方式、家族介入和控制权安排(包括继承权安排)等方面都表现出了自身的伦理优势,同时在这些方面也遭遇到不少伦理困境。从伦理的角度讲,将家族主义作为企业经营的伦理理念,并将之无条件地泛化到企业经营的所有方面,这是家族企业遭遇伦理困境的根由之所在。强化伦理主体性,确立权利义务意识,参照现代企业制度的相关要求,实现从身份到契约的转变,打造具有民族特色和时代特色的家族企业管理伦理新模式,是家族企业走出伦理困境的当然选择。     

The nature of The Nature of Prejudice

This paper attempts to establish the historical context for the development and publication of Gordon Allport's text, The Nature of Prejudice, and by so doing illustrate the importance of historicizing psychological social psychology. The Nature of Prejudice was, in part, the cumulative result of a decade of Gordon Allport's classroom teaching in a new interdisciplinary unit at Harvard, the Department of Social Relations. This paper chronicles key elements of Allport's course -"Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict"-from 1944 to the mid-1950s.     

试论社会历史规律和自然规律

从古希腊神话故事中的命运女神,到基督教神学关于上帝决定历史,再到维科、康德和黑格尔等关于“天神旨意”、“自然的意图”和“理性的狡黠”,尽管都没有科学地揭示出人类社会历史的内在规律,但都以不同形式承认了社会历史规律的存在。可以说,在19世纪下半叶之前,关于人类社会历史是有规律的思想一直是占主导地位的历史观。但是,在马克思之前,人们普遍认为社会历史规律是绝对必然性,人在这种必然性面前是无能为力、束手无策的。如黑格尔的历史哲学,就具有浓厚的宿命论色彩。     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

建言类型对领导者建言采纳的影响：面子与幽默的作用

以说服和面子理论为基础,通过两个研究探讨领导者建言采纳行为的影响因素及作用机制。结果发现：相对于促进型建言,抑制型建言给领导带来的面子威胁更大,且领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建言采纳之间起部分的中介作用。而幽默类型与水平影响领导者感知面子威胁的程度,积极幽默水平越高,领导者感知面子威胁的程度越低,其建言采纳可能性越高。这表明领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建议采纳间起中介作用,幽默调节了此中介效应。     

骨折治疗方法与原则的最优化历程

多年来骨折治疗,新旧技术、新旧理论相互融合,相互碰撞,产生了新的理论和方法,使得临床疗效显著提高,现阶段理智的临床医生应该融汇各家之长,多方互补,对每一位骨折患者的治疗都应该按照最优化的原则进行.但是在医疗过程中总存在着如方法选择不当或者错误,过度治疗,医患信任危机,医疗伦理道德的丧失等情况,我们应该用矛盾分析的方法来思考这些问题.     

The Future of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

I examine the value and limitations of Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In the interests of developing a social epistemology of science, I argue that we should draw on Kuhn’s later work, published in The Road since Structure. There, Kuhn draws attention to the important role that specialty formation plays in resolving crises in science, a topic he did not discuss in Structure. I argue that we need to develop a better understanding of specialty research communities. Kuhn’s later work provides a research agenda for those who want to study scientific specialization. I briefly discuss some recent studies that promise to provide valuable insight into the social structure of science.     

“解释学”的没落与“描述学”的兴起——“既成”与“当下瞬间”的冲突

为了充分理解解释这个术语本身,我们得回到它的前提及其相关术语。解释的前提是理解,被理解的叫含义或意义。无论我们是否意识到,解释已经意味着进入哲学,从来的哲学家都在解释世界(马克思语)。怎么解释呢?用语言。传统上,我们往往从意识或概念领域接近解释学问