事件工作记忆的近因效应

顺序效应是工作记忆研究中值得关注的问题。本研究考察事件工作记忆的顺序效应。实验采用工作记忆变化觉察范式,要求被试记忆序列呈现的五个生物运动事件。正确率和反应时的结果一致发现,仅序列中最后一个事件的正确率显著高于其他位置,而反应时显著低于其他位置,即事件的序列工作记忆存在显著近因效应,但没有首因效应。事件工作记忆的顺序效应与其他视觉客体（如色块、朝向）类似,而与事件长时记忆的顺序效应不同。     

两维特征图形的客体和空间工作记忆存储研究

研究采用单探测变化检测范式,考察了两维特征图形在视觉客体和视觉空间工作记忆中的存储机制,并对其容量进行测定。40名被试(平均年龄20.56±1.73岁)随机分为两个等组,分别完成实验一和实验二。实验一的刺激图形由颜色和形状两基本特征组成,实验二的刺激为由不同颜色和开口朝向组成的兰道环。两个实验结果均显示:(1)特征交换变化条件下的记忆成绩与单特征变化条件下最差的记忆成绩差异不显著;(2)空间工作记忆任务的成绩显著优于客体工作记忆任务;(3)被试在视觉工作记忆中能存储2~3个客体和3~4个空间位置。这表明,由两种不同维度特征组成的图形在视觉客体和视觉空间工作记忆中均以整合方式进行存储,空间工作记忆的容量大于客体工作记忆。     

三维图形的视空间工作记忆容量研究

采用三维几何图形为材料,通过单探测变化觉察范式来测定视觉工作记忆的存储容量,并比较客体工作记忆和空间工作记忆容量的差异。实验1、2的材料分别为由颜色和形状两个基本特征组成的三维图形和由一个基本特征和一个细节特征组成的三维图形。两个实验结果显示,被试能在视觉工作记忆中存储约2-3个客体和4个空间位置,空间工作记忆容量显著大于客体工作记忆容量。进一步的比较发现,被试对由两个基本特征组成的三维图形的存储容量大于由一个基本特征和一个细节特征组成的三维图形。这表明,组成三维图形的特征类型对视空间工作记忆的存储容量有显著影响。     

表征在视觉工作记忆中的存储单位:特征、客体或二者并存?（英文）

传统视觉工作记忆(VWM)的研究认为视觉客体以特征或客体方式存储。最近研究者提出特征和客体可能在VWM中并存,但尚未有研究直接对其检验。本研究采用变化觉察范式,以三个实验对该问题进行了探讨。实验中要求被试记忆有颜色的线条的朝向而忽略颜色。结果发现,无关维度颜色得到加工,但并不影响朝向特征的高相似效应(特征间相似性越高,记忆绩效越高);同时颜色与朝向的绑定关系存在。该结果支持特征与客体同时在VWM存储的假设。     

表征在视觉工作记忆中的存储单位:特征、客体或二者并存?

传统视觉工作记忆(VWM)的研究认为视觉客体以特征或客体方式存储.最近研究者提出特征和客体可能在VWM中并存,但尚未有研究直接对其检验.本研究采用变化觉察范式,以三个实验对该问题进行了探讨.实验中要求被试记忆有颜色的线条的朝向而忽略颜色.结果发现,无关维度颜色得到加工,但并不影响朝向特征的高相似效应(特征间相似性越高,记忆绩效越高);同时颜色与朝向的绑定关系存在.该结果支持特征与客体同时在VWM存储的假设.     

右侧背外侧前额叶在视觉工作记忆中的因果性作用

以往的影像学研究表明右侧背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)在视觉工作记忆中发挥重要作用, 然而缺乏因果性的证据。本研究旨在考察右侧DLPFC的激活与视觉工作记忆容量的因果关系, 并探讨这一关系受到记忆负荷的调节及其神经机制。被试接受经颅直流电刺激之后完成视觉工作记忆变化检测任务, 根据被试在虚假刺激情况下从负荷4到负荷6任务记忆容量的增量将被试分为低记忆增长潜力组(简称低潜力组)和高记忆增长潜力组(简称高潜力组), 结果发现正性电刺激右侧DLPFC相对于虚假电刺激显著提升了高潜力组被试在低记忆负荷(负荷4)下的记忆容量及其对应的提取阶段的脑电指标SPCN成分。表明右侧DLPFC在视觉工作记忆的提取阶段发挥重要的因果性作用; 正性经颅直流电刺激右侧DLPFC可使工作记忆容量高潜力被试获得更多的脑活动增益, 并导致更好的行为提升效果。     

注意范围分布对视觉工作记忆巩固过程的影响

以往研究发现个体能够同时巩固一定数量的项目信息进入视觉工作记忆系统。本研究将考察视觉工作记忆的巩固容量是否会受到分配到记忆项目上的注意资源量的影响。实验1在同时序列掩蔽范式的基础上, 用控制记忆项目呈现区域的大小的方法操纵被试的注意范围, 从而达到操纵分配到单个项目上的注意资源量的目的。研究结果显示, 被试的记忆成绩随着注意范围的扩大显著降低, 但在并行和序列呈现条件之间不存在显著差异; 实验2则证实实验1中对注意资源量分配的控制不会影响对项目的知觉编码效率。本研究结果表明, 分配在记忆项目上的注意资源量能够影响记忆巩固的效率, 但不会影响巩固容量。     

图形规则性对客体和空间工作记忆存储的影响

采用单探测变化检测范式,考察了单维度特征图形在视觉客体和视觉空间工作记忆中的存储机制,并对这两种视觉工作记忆的容量进行测定。结果显示,在客体工作记忆中,规则图形的记忆成绩显著高于不规则图形,但在空间工作记忆中,这两种图形的记忆成绩无显著差异;空间工作记忆的存储容量显著大于客体工作记忆容量,分别为4-5个位置和3-4个客体。这表明,图形规则性影响了客体工作记忆的存储但不影响空间工作记忆的存储,由单维度特征组成的图形在客体工作记忆中是以特征为单元储存,而在空间工作记忆中是以整合方式储存。     

社会排斥对视觉工作记忆容量的影响

采用变化探测范式,考察社会排斥对非社会和社会性刺激视觉工作记忆容量的影响。发现社会排斥组的无意义图形视觉工作记忆容量显著小于社会接纳组,而对生物运动和面孔的记忆容量却显著大于社会接纳组。说明社会排斥对不同属性刺激的视觉工作记忆容量影响不同:社会排斥会损害与归属需要无关的非社会性刺激的记忆容量,而提高与归属需要有关的社会性刺激的记忆容量。     

基于空间方位信息的构型对视觉工作记忆绩效的影响

通过考察构成视觉客体构型的两种因素在视觉工作记忆任务中的影响, 探讨了构型对视觉工作记忆绩效的作用机制。采用变化觉察实验范式, 在构型朝向不变和旋转两种条件下, 系统地控制构型中的客体相对方位和整体几何形态两种因素的变化, 考察其对视觉工作记忆绩效的影响。实验结果显示, 无论构型朝向不变还是旋转, 只要客体相对方位保持一致, 工作记忆绩效就可以维持较高水平, 而几何形态没有表现出显著作用。上述发现提示构型客体相对方位是构型影响视觉工作记忆绩效的主要因素。     

Seeing Motion and Apparent Motion

In apparent motion experiments, participants are presented with what is in fact a succession of two brief stationary stimuli at two different locations, but they report an impression of movement. Philosophers have recently debated whether apparent motion provides evidence in favour of a particular account of the nature of temporal experience. I argue that the existing discussion in this area is premised on a mistaken view of the phenomenology of apparent motion and, as a result, the space of possible philosophical positions has not yet been fully explored. In particular, I argue that the existence of apparent motion is compatible with an account of the nature of temporal experience that involves a version of direct realism. In doing so, I also argue against two other claims often made about apparent motion, viz. that apparent motion is the psychological phenomenon that underlies motion experience in the cinema, and that apparent motion is subjectively indistinguishable from real motion.     

Instantaneous Motion

There is a longstanding definition of instantaneous velocity. It saysthat the velocity at t ₀ of an object moving along a coordinate line is r if and only if the value of the first derivative of the object's position function at t ₀ is r. The goal of this paper is to determine to what extent this definition successfully underpins a standard account of motion at an instant. Counterexamples proposed by Michael Tooley (1988) and also by John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter (1990) are reinforced and illuminated by considering the presence or absence of changes to the object's motion.     

生物运动加工特异性：整体结构和局部运动的作用

人类具有很强的识别生物体运动信息的能力, 甚至当运动信息仅是由附着在头部和一些重要关节上的光点的运动组成时, 观察者对该信息检测和编码的优势依然存在。光点生物运动信息包含整体信息(如整体形状)和局部信息(如各个点的运动轨迹)。先前的绝大部分研究强调整体形状在生物运动知觉中的作用。最近有研究表明去除了整体结构信息的局部生物运动仍然存在加工优势, 揭示了局部生物运动本身可能包含了一些特异性信息。因此生物运动知觉并非单一现象, 而是一种具有不同加工机制(基于整体结构和基于局部运动)的多水平现象。     

A Comparison of Time Estimations in Driving With Target-Only in Motion,Self-Only in Motion,and Self-and-Target in Motion

Using an occlusion paradigm, estimates of the time taken to reach a point with the target-only in motion (approaching vehicle judged by a stationary observer), self-only in motion (moving observer judgment of a stationary target), and both self-and-target in motion (moving observer judgment of an approaching vehicle), were contrasted. Judgments were made in built-up urban and textureless rural roadsides and on straight and curved roads. Thirty drivers with an average experience of 3.3 years drove a simulator and estimated when they should have passed vehicles that were occluded when the vehicles were 2.5 sec away. Target-only in motion estimates were more accurate (less underestimated) than self-only and self-and-target in motion estimates, which in turn were more accurate than self-only in motion judgments. The roadside manipulation only influenced estimates when participants were moving. Judgments were more accurate in the urban environment when other vehicles were stationary, but in the rural environment accuracy was greater when the other vehicles were approaching. Self-and-target in motion judgments were less accurate on curves than on straight roads. Possible theoretical explanations for the results are highlighted.     

Motion onset captures attention

Although visual motion may seem salient, motion per se does not automatically attract attention. We show here, however, that the onset of motion does indeed attract attention. In three experiments, subjects identified target letters in displays that contained targets and distractors. There was no advantage for moving letters among static ones, but there was an advantage for objects that had recently started to move despite the fact that the motion was uninformative. If some additional time was allowed to elapse after motion onset, inhibition of return slowed responding to the item that had started to move—a further sign that the motion onset had captured attention. Finally, detection of target letters was found to be independent of the number of distractors in the display if the target had undergone motion onset, also indicative of attentional capture. We discuss the adaptive significance of sensitivity to onsets in the presence of a relative insensitivity to ongoing motion.