“和平餐桌”心理学:马斯洛的和平心理关切

马斯洛是对人类命运带有强烈人道主义关怀的人本主义心理学家,终其一生,一直以促进社会和平、幸福、构建"和平餐桌"心理学为己任。美国社会现实对新价值体系的呼唤、二次战争的影响、对人性的深刻反思、核武器的威力造成"价值中立"科学迷梦的破碎、美国和平运动的发展表现出的和平诉求等均构成了和平餐桌心理学的社会背景。从安全到幸福的需要层次论、从人性恶到人性向善的人性论、从外在教育到内在教育的和平教育论、从存在价值到自我实现的和平人格论等观点成为马斯洛和平餐桌心理学的主要观点,从二岐到整合的心理学方法论对后来的和平心理学方法论也具有重大的启示意义。     

西方人格理论的人性观

本文指出西方人格理论实际上是研究者建构的对人性的图解或模式,并对莱波曼的“人性的基本宗旨”加以改造,从五个维度对西方的四大主要人格理论的人性观作了剖析,指出：建立一个更加合乎现实的人格理论必须具有一种综合性的人性观。     

人格塑造的道德合理性——弗洛姆生产性人格评述

弗洛姆将人格作为伦理学研究的主题,他认为人格是诱导人的潜能实现的方式,是道德行为的动力基础.尤其是生产性人格能够激发并引导人性中理性和爱的潜能的充分实现,推动个体行为向善并且成为善良的人.生产性人格是一种理想的人格取向,现实生活中的人格往往是不同人格取向的综合,那么,人格塑造就是发育生产性人格在整个人格体系中的地位和作用.弗洛姆以生产性人格为核心规范建立了规范人本主义伦理学,对现代性问题的解答具有重要意义.但是作为规范的生产性人格或多或少触及了美德理论,这一矛盾也使弗洛姆的人格及人格塑造论面临着挑战.     

《荀子》“性朴”“性恶”续辨

《荀子》的人性观是"性朴"抑或"性恶",此二者关系为何,是《荀子》人性观研究中无法回避的基础问题。学界对《荀子》是"性朴"说还是"性恶"说的论争,是因现存《荀子》文本中有内在的矛盾。《礼论》主张人性"本始材朴",提出"非道德"的人性观,认为人性无固定的道德方向;《性恶》则试图论证人性为"不道德"的。这两种人性观的背后,善恶评判方式亦截然相异。《礼论》之性朴说背后的善恶评判,将人类行为分为善的、恶的、善恶之外的三类;《性恶》的人性说则建立在一种非善即恶的二元评判上。评判方式的不同亦可通过《性恶》与《礼论》的修辞印证。     

论老子首倡人性善

老子是第一个提出人性善的哲学家。从他的宇宙生成论、人性修养论可以看出老子是主张人性善的。老子认为人性变坏的原因主要是客观事物的影响和世俗教育,"复归于婴儿"是老子人性修养论的总纲,其复归美好天性的主要措施是:反对享乐品的出现,反对世俗的教育。     

中西人格心理思想之比较研究

该文通过跨文化、跨时间比较的方式,讨论了中国古代人格心理思想与西方人格心理理论的异同。采取的研究纬度主要有：人格理论的出发点,归宿,理论类型,理想人格标准以及研究方法。中西人格心理思想都以人性为出发点和理论依据,但中国是以人性的优点、人性的可塑性为出发点,而西方是以人性的弱点、人性的易碎性为出发点;都以经世致用为最基本之归宿,都看到了人格的整体性和可分性,有着类型大体相同的各种人格理论;都十分关注理想人格,但标准却不尽相同。     

美善:柏拉图理想人格的构型

美善是柏拉图对理想人格的一种构型,他把希腊语中"美的"和"善的"两个词连接起来,形成一个新的名词来描述哲学所能构想的理想人格型相,对人性的自然属性和社会属性及人性的整全性与居间性进行了奠基性的阐释。通过哲学的爱欲教化,柏拉图力图完成美的世界与道德宇宙的和谐统一,最终把哲学定位为爱欲的教化。     

理学性善说的困难与戴震的自然主义解释

性善论面临性白板论、性善恶混论、性三品论以及性善待完成论等观点的挑战。性善恶混论和性三品论最难回应,在汉唐时期曾占据主流。程朱理学为性善论提供了一种形而上学辩护,将性善的本原上推到理,而将人性现实表现中的不善和差异归因于气质。但是这种形而上学辩护面临着类似"游叙弗伦两难"的问题:是因为性本原于理所以是善的,还是因为性是善的才被归本于理?戴震为性善论提供了一种自然主义解释,以对现实人性亦即血气心知之性所做的欲—情—知的心理学分层,代替了程朱理学的形而上学分层。对人性善恶的理解不仅应该考虑人性的构成部分,也应该考虑不同构成部分之间的关系。戴震对人性层次及其关系的分析使性善论能够较好地回应性善恶混论和性三品论的挑战。     

论支道林理想人格的矛盾

一代名僧支道林在思想领域中有着重要的影响,研究者对此有所关注,但却甚少论及其理想人格的矛盾。而理清这一点,不仅对理解支道林,而且对把握整个人性都是大有益处的。本文着重论述支道林理想人格中出世与入世的矛盾、理论与实践的矛盾,并指出支道林的矛盾是根源于人性普遍的、永恒的矛盾。     

从儒医现象论儒家文化对中医人格素质的影响

从儒医现象论儒家文化对中医人格素质的影响北京中医药大学（１０００２９）林殷一、儒医群体的医疗行为（一）以理论研究为主,著书立说或编纂校勘医药文献,较少或无临床医疗活动。如晋代皇甫谧著《针灸甲乙经》,唐代王焘编《外台秘要》,金代经学家麻九畴帮助张子和整...     

东西方文化的人性观差异及其对道德认知的影响

人性观,即认为人性究竟是本善的还是本恶的,不仅是哲学思辨的焦点,也是日常生活中形成的一种常人理论(lay theory)。对于东西方文化传统的检视表明,西方文化占主导地位的是性恶论人性观,东方文化占主导地位的则是性善论人性观。研究通过实证数据支持了这一结论,发现中国被试相对于美国被试,对于人性的主观评定更倾向于性善的一端(研究1)。这种人性观差异导致中国被试在道德方面,尤其是规范性道德(行善)方面,对人提出了更高的要求(研究1),并且这种因果关系得到了启动实验的支持(研究2)。这些研究结果有助于人们更好地理解文化如何塑造了人们对于人性和道德的看法。     

The Role of Evil in Kant's Liberalism

Carl Schmitt distinguishes between political theories in terms of whether they rest on the anthropological assumption that man is evil by nature or on the anthropological assumption that man is good by nature, and he claims that liberal political theory is based on the latter assumption. Contrary to this claim, I show how Kant's liberalism is shaped by his theory of the radical evil in human nature, and that his liberalism corresponds to the characterization of liberalism that Schmitt himself offers. My discussion of this issue will be shown to have certain implications with respect to the view that for Kant evil is the product of society. I show that this view is mistaken insofar as it fails to recognize that Kant's political philosophy implies that human beings require the type of society that best suits their radically evil natures, namely, a commercial one in which the “vices of culture” largely have free play, while the state's role is limited to that of preventing the antagonisms found in society leading to the mutual destruction of its members.     

Privation theories of pain

Most modern writers accept that a privation theory of evil should explicitly account for the evil of pain. But pains are quintessentially real. The evil of pain does not seem to lie in an absence of good. Though many directly take on the challenges this raises, the metaphysics and axiology of their answers is often obscure. In this paper I try to straighten things out. By clarifying and categorizing the possible types of privation views, I explore the ways in which privationists about evil are—or should or could be—privationists about pain’s evil.     

佛教果报理论与《聊斋志异》伦理思想

佛教果报理论与伦理观念的总原则是 :诸恶莫作 ,众善奉行 ;恶有恶报 ,善有善报 ,不是不报 ,时候未到。而《聊斋志异》叙述得最多的就是善恶之业 ,果报不爽 ,在劫难逃的故事。概言之 ,作者不仅借助佛教善恶报应的因果理论来宣说一定的纲常伦理观念 ,而且也借助佛教的因果规律来展开情节 ,塑造人物 ,交代故事的来龙去脉 ,使之更合乎情理。从而使人们通过阅读这些故事 ,更加明确遵守纲常伦理的重要性 ,增强社会道德的责任感 ,自觉修善积德 ,防恶止非 ,在严格要求自己的同时 ,也建立起良好的社会关系。     

Reaching for Virtue, Stumbling on Sin: Concepts of Good and Evil in a Postmodern Era

Although our culture struggles to understand the origins and nature of good and evil behavior, the disciplines of psychology and psychoanalysis contribute to the discourse primarily indirectly. By examining early Judaism and Christianity, the authors seek to clarify the foundation of contemporary understanding of good and evil in Western society. Looking through the multiple filters of religion, philosophy, psychoanalysis and psychology, groundwork is laid for definitions of good and evil, which can be understood subjectively and measured objectively. As we investigate morality, will, and choice in the varied ologies and across time, we note how much emotion and volition are secondary in modern thinking about evil. Moreover, the place of will as a positive force in development is largely ignored, except by prescient thinkers like Otto Rank. To grasp evil's nature we need to integrate past with present, contrast conscious to unconscious desires, and allow that being bad is not necessarily unnatural or pathological, but can be a transitional stage in the growth of one's conscience.     

中国古代"恶"之存在论与价值论探讨

从存在论角度来说,人的本质属性——自然属性与社会属性构成中国古代性恶论的前提和根据。从价值论层面而言,古代性恶论者主张抑恶扬善或存善除恶。这就导致古代性恶论的悖论,一方面在存在论上肯定"恶"有存在的事实和根据,另方面在价值论上却否定"恶"的正当性和合理性。正是因为性恶论者最终的价值取向是使人成善、为善,性恶论和性善论在善恶问题上是殊途同归的:在存在论意义上是殊途——性恶论者道性恶而性善论者道性善,而在价值论意义上是同归——为善。但在去"恶"、除"恶"的正统思想之外,宋明时期的功利学派却不同程度地肯定了"恶"的正当性和合理性。     

Evil and God's Toxin Puzzle

I show that Kavka's toxin puzzle raises a problem for the “Responsibility Theodicy,” which holds that the reason God typically does not intervene to stop the evil effects of our actions is that such intervention would undermine the possibility of our being significantly responsible for overcoming and averting evil. This prominent theodicy seems to require that God be able to do what the agent in Kavka's toxin story cannot do: stick by a plan to do some action at a future time even though when that time comes, there will be no good reason for performing that action (and very good reason not to). I assess various approaches to solving this problem. Along the way, I develop an iterated variant of Kavka's toxin case and argue that the case is not adequately handled by standard causal decision theory.     

佛教的善的思想的心理诠释

佛教的宗旨是众善奉行诸恶莫作,认为人的先天本性无分善恶,亲近善知识能形成善的心理,亲近恶知识会形成恶的心理。佛教相信善有善报恶有恶报,鼓励人们行善积德。佛教认为欲望是恶的根源,控制欲望,通过戒定慧、八正道等方式能达到善的心理状态。佛教关于善的先天本性的观点、善恶形成的思想以及善的自我修养方法符合心理学的有关规律。佛教的崇善理念及善的修养思想对于构建社会主义核心价值观的友善价值准则具有积极意义。     

Confronting the horror of natural evil: An exchange between Peter Coghlan and Nick Trakakis

In this exchange, Peter Coghlan and Nick Trakakis discuss the problem of natural evil in the light of the recent Asian tsunami disaster. The exchange begins with an extract from a newspaper article written by Coghlan on the tsunami, followed by three rounds of replies and counter-replies, and ending with some final comments from Trakakis. While critical of any attempt to show that human life is good overall despite its natural evils, Coghlan argues that instances of natural evil, even horrific ones, can be justified as the unavoidable by-product of a natural system on which human life and culture depends. Trakakis, however, rejects this view, counselling instead a degree of skepticism about our ability to construct a plausible theodicy for horrific evil.