论寿命学：2．梦想与现实

以人类最大寿命的相对有限性为基础,论述现阶段延长人类寿命面临的问题以及人类最大寿限演化的远景并着重指出依靠现行医疗模式延寿潜力的有限性以及改变医疗保健观念与运行体系的必要性。     

试论齐国在律学与声学上的成就

春秋战国时期的齐国,不仅是我国东方的一个国力强盛、经济发达、地域辽阔的大国,而且是一个底蕴丰厚、成就卓著的文化大国。就音乐艺术而言,无论从实践上还是从理论上来看,在许多方面处于世界领先地位。经考证,乐律学和音乐声学方面的成就便是其中两例。     

两宋道教内丹学的发展与成熟

道教自东汉中期出现之后,降及隋唐,主流教派所崇尚的外丹黄白之术逐渐向以静功、存思、气法为主要表现形式的内丹路径发展。钟、吕内丹道即内丹道教的先导。①两宋是内丹道的成熟阶段。一、两宋前内丹学的兴起与传承道教的修仙方术于唐宋之际由外丹学转向内丹学,是其发展历程中的一次重大转变。内丹道的兴起,可以追溯到隋初开皇年间(581-600),罗浮山道士苏元朗(道号青霞子),称得大茅真君秘旨,撰《龙虎金液还丹通元论》及《旨道篇》,首倡内丹之道。②但隋唐时期,外丹道仍占主流地位。内丹道自隋青霞子苏元朗开宗明义、唐崔希范、钟离权、吕洞…     

论礼学脉络与礼学史分期

从远古殷商以"致敬鬼神"为核心的宗教之礼,到西周以"人文道德"为核心的制度之礼,周公"制礼作乐"是一大关键;从西周以"人文道德"为核心的制度之礼,到东周以"礼缘情而作"为核心的观念之礼,孔子"克己复礼"是一大关键。西周"制礼作乐",实现从天道到人道的转折,直接扭转中国文化走向;东周礼乐思想,实现"礼"的学术化,深刻影响中国学术史与思想史。礼学在先秦即已实现关键性变革,由秦汉迄于清代,皆循其轨而有所发展。秦汉至隋唐礼学之主体特征是体制礼学,宋明时期礼学之主体特征是心性礼学,清代礼学之主体特征是全面整合。     

论焦循的易学与堪舆学

作为清代乾嘉之际扬州学派代表人物,作为著名易学家,焦循不仅以精研《周易》著称,而且以易学的理论,对传统堪舆学进行了认真的考辨和分析,语多精谛。特别是对明清两代广泛流行的堪舆之学,从学理上作了深入的批判,这在清代乾嘉之际的学术界,可谓空谷足音,对我们今天研究焦循的易学思想,其中不乏积极的学术启发意义。     

论庄存与的《公羊》学

庄存与的《公羊》学虽然受到赵《春秋属辞》的影响 ,但主要限于治学体例 ,而在治学立场上 ,二者其实有根本的歧异。庄存与克服了赵以策书之体说《春秋》的倾向 ,并注重《春秋》例辞背后的立场。这点直接上承汉代《公羊》学。不过 ,庄氏《春秋》学在某些具体的事例解释上与汉代《公羊》学也有差异。庄氏的特点在于对《春秋》变辞的引申与发挥 ,并补充了汉代《公羊》学未曾论述的诸多方面 ,为后人理解《公羊》大义提供了新的线索。     

论中国行政学理论研究中的学习与创新

行政改革是中国全局性改革的重要组成部分,然而,我国长期以来却存在着理论研究缺位的问题,从公开发表的大量论著看,大量作品停留在对西方既有理论成果和实践经验加以原样照搬的水平。当然,西方既有的理论和实践对中国行政改革有着一定的参考和借鉴意义,但不能原封照搬。中国的行政学理论研究,需要从中国双重转型的具体国情出发,以中国学者的学术自觉进行有针对性的理论创新。也应看到,中国行政学界始于90年代的服务行政理论研究却是自出机杼,而且必将成为行政学理论本土化、民族化的先导。     

论宋代“浙学”与理学关系的演变

本文较系统地考察了两宋时期浙学与理学诸流派之间关系的发展和演变过程,分析了其不同时期所呈现出来的具体形态和特点,认为在北宋中后期主要表现为理学思潮开始传入浙江并在很大程度上推动了浙学的兴起;南宋前期和中期主要表现为浙江各理学流派和反理学流派的相继形成以及由此促成浙学与理学的全面融合与冲突;南宋后期则主要表现为浙学向理学尤其是程朱理学的全面回归和发展。这表明,浙学不仅深受理学的影响,而且对理学也有不可忽视的影响,从而在一定意义上成为同期理学与各地方学术关系的一个缩影。     

学习论视角下的教育工效学理论模型的发展与应用

教育工效学是工效学研究中长期被忽视的重要研究领域,其发展以各教育工效学模型的提出为主线。本文从模型设计、模型应用和学习论视角出发,分析了Kao模型,Smith模型和六角轴模型的理论基础,发现现有的这三个模型在设计上多从工效学角度出发,与学习论的结合不够紧密。为了给信息化教学系统设计提供更有价值的理论模型和更可行的设计方法,有必要从工效学原理与教学理论的深度衔接入手,并基于学习论的视角给模型应用和完善提供一些可行的建议。     

邵雍先天学的两个层面:象数学与本体论——兼论朱熹对邵雍先天学的误读

邵雍是易学大家,又是北宋五子之一,他的学术贡献在于其先天学的建构.邵雍先天学可分为先天象数学和先天学本体论两个层面.先天象数学以易图为基础,以易数推衍为形式,建构了庞大的数理哲学体系,它们表达了邵雍对宇宙万物运行规律的认识;先天学本体论对宇宙进行本体论分析,认为太极或者天地之心既是宇宙的存在根据,也是人类的价值本体,它们表达了邵雍对宇宙和人生之本体的认识.但是,传统学术史对邵雍先天学的解读,往往集中在先天象数学的层面,而忽视了先天学本体论,这是一个误读,朱熹就是如此误读的一个典型.     

认知能力的毕生发展及其分离性和个体差异性研究

研究认知能力毕生发展过程及其分离性和个体差异性的变化。被试 1 993名 (1 0 - 90岁 ) ,完成加工速度、工作记忆、心算、空间表象和记忆再认等认知测验。结果表明 :1 )认知能力发展的发展在 1 6 - 1 9岁组达到高峰 ,2 0岁后随增龄而逐渐下降 ,不同认知能力发展的分离性在 60岁后明显增大 ;2 )几乎所有测验的个体差异性在 2 0岁之前随增龄而减小 ,在 2 0岁之后随增龄而增大 ;3)教育因素对认知能力老化过程的分离性和个体差异性有明显影响。     

On the Relation Between Job Characteristics and Depression: A Longitudinal Study

The current study assumes that workers actively influence the characteristics of their work environment. Not only will one's work environment (job characteristics) affect personal characteristics, such as feelings of depression; depression in turn is expected to affect the characteristics of one's work environment as well. Using a sample of 593 young Dutch workers, a longitudinal model relating feelings of depression and job characteristics to each other was tested using structural equation modeling. The results largely supported our expectations. Depressive workers were less likely to experience a job transition than non-depressive workers. If depressive workers did experience a job transition, work outcomes were less positive than for nondepressive workers. Thus, it appears that the relation between job characteristics and depression can be construed as a reciprocal relation. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.     

Friendships and Adaptation Across the Life Span

Friends foster self-esteem and a sense of well-being, socialize one another, and support one another in coping with developmental transitions and life stress. Friends engage in different activities with one another across the life span, but friendship is conceived similarly by children and adults. Friends and friendships, however, are not all alike. The developmental significance of having friends depends on the characteristics of the friends, especially whether the friends are antisocial or socially withdrawn. Outcomes also depend on whether friendships are supportive and intimate or fractious and unstable. Among both children and adults, friendships have clear-cut developmental benefits at times but are mixed blessings at other times.     

论道德与生活的关系及道德生活的本质特征

就生活与道德的关系而言,可以说生活需要道德、包含了道德但并不等于道德,道德始终存在于人的整体生活之中,没有脱离生活的道德。道德生活的本质特征表现在,道德生活是一种属人的或人类所特有的社会生活,是建立在物质生活基础之上的并渗透在物质生活之中引导和规范物质生活的精神生活,是一种有意义和价值并能予以价值评价的生活,是一种主体自由意志自觉自为并能进行道德选择的生活,是一种通过道德意识表现为道德关系涵盖一切道德活动的社会生活。     

Religion and the Quality of Life

Subjective and objective indicators of the quality of life (QOL) are used to test relationships with religious involvement, participation, and belief. Findings from other studies show religious involvement to be associated with longer life. The percent of religious adherents in a state is correlated with the harmony domain of the QOL and negatively with an indicator of stress. After reviewing relevant previous studies, I examine data from the 1972–1996 General Social Survey Cumulative File. It shows happiness to be associated with the frequency of attendance at religious services, with denominational preference, and with doctrinal preference. Happiness also is associated with certain religious-related beliefs: belief that the world is evil or good but not belief in immortality. In a discussion of these and other findings, hypotheses are suggested to explain and to further explore the effects of religion upon the QOL. Among the conclusions: our conception of the "good life" rests heavily upon Judeo-Christian ideals; religious organizations contribute to the integration of the community, hence enhancing the QOL; since frequency of attendance is imperfectly associated with the QOL, other influences are at work; the doctrine of the religion may attract persons of happy disposition; religion may explain a purpose in life that fosters well-being; and others. I suggest implications of the findings for programs of religious organizations.     

氧化应激与动脉粥样硬化

活性氧是细胞内多种氧化还原反应的正常代谢产物,当活性氧的生成速率大于清除时,过多的活性氧会直接损伤细胞,还可通过信号转导系统引发一系列病理生理过程.各种氧化物前体可刺激血管细胞产生活性氧,加速动脉粥样硬化的形成和发展.他汀类、普罗布考等药物是目前最有希望的治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的抗氧化药物.     

Cognitive Social Maturity, Life Change Events, and Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: Development of a Structural Equation Model

Purpose: To examine the roles of cognitive social maturity and life change events in a structural equation model (SEM) to explain adolescents' use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol. Methods: Data were derived from 1322 9th and 10th graders in a HIV prevention study. Students completed a survey of their cognitive social maturity, recent life events and substance use habits. A model from a study on the metabolic control of adolescents with diabetes was modified to apply to health risk behaviors. Results: A SEM was tested and fit the data well. Lower cognitive social maturity and greater life change events significantly predicted health risk behaviors. Life events partially mediated the relationship between cognitive social maturity and health risk behaviors. Conclusions: Adolescents' social thought processes are related to their recent life events, which in turn are related to their substance use behaviors. Suggestions are made for interventions to improve adolescents' cognitive social maturity.     

Towards the Good Life: A Population Survey of Dimensions of Quality of Life

The aim of the analyses presented here was to explore subjective and objective components and predictors of self-rated quality of life (QoL). The vehicle for the study was a questionnaire module on perceptions of quality of life, which was commissioned by the authors for inclusion in the Office of National Statistics (ONS) Omnibus Survey in Great Britain. For the survey, 2033 randomly sampled adults aged 16 and over were interviewed in their own homes (77% response rate). Multiple regression analyses showed that relatively little of the variance in overall QoL ratings was explained by the objective, socio-demographic indicators (5%), and the addition of the health status indicator (reported longstanding illness) contributed nothing. The subjective ratings of life in self-nominated areas of importance explained the most, with those who did not prioritise the area at all as the referent (relationships, finances, own health, others' health, work and social life). These variables contributed over twice as much as the objective and health status variables, indicating the relative importance of self-nominated 'important areas of life' over theoretically important, objective variables and reported illness. However, the final model still only explained a modest amount of the variance in quality of life ratings (16%), confirming the amorphous nature of quality of life.     

超越死亡的道家生死哲学观

关于生与死的思考铸就了人类哲学的恢弘与博大。中国古代哲学中关于生死之论,不乏智者和睿者,其中道家先哲们以“万物皆一”的开阔视野看待生死,超越了一时一事、一得一失,确立了极具特色的超越死亡、生死存亡一体的生死哲学。并以其丰富的理论内容,深刻的思想内涵,脱俗的不凡见解和独特的美学意境,为中国乃至世界生死哲学理论宝库书写了不可或缺的一笔,对后世产生了极其深远的影响。