金宜久著《苏非主义在中国》

<正>社会科学文献出版社,2013年4月出版,441千字,320页,定价69元。本书除在导言部分对苏非主义兴起的社会历史条件、什么是苏非主义、苏非主义的发展及其思想分化、苏非主义在中国伊斯兰教的传播做一概略性的介绍外,探讨了中国伊斯兰教经堂教育兴起后,苏非主义对它的影响,经堂教育的苏非读本和参考用书的基本内容,它引发的礼仪之争和教理之争,经     

苏非主义与明清汉文译著活动

明清以来,穆斯林学者卓有成效的汉文译著活动,成就了中国伊斯兰教思想和实践。在这一活动中,苏非主义也起了相当的作用,苏非来华传教、苏非作品传入中国并在经堂教育中作为课本使用,都对明清穆斯林学者的译著活动产生了一定影响,使他们的译著作品带有苏非主义特征。     

读汉译《昭元秘诀》

《昭元秘诀》是一本苏非著作,一度被中国伊斯兰教选为经堂教育读本。它反映的是大神秘主义者伊本·阿拉比的思想。该文除阐释加米写作《昭元秘诀》的缘由外,概略地讨论该书的"品论"及其主体部分"电论"。对于当今苏非著作的研究仍有其不可忽视的现实意义。     

明清内地伊斯兰教经堂教育话语体系的历史意义——从《经学系传谱》谈起CSSCISSCI

内地伊斯兰教经堂教育的话语体系,是指内地伊斯兰教经堂教育在发展过程中,对教育目标、理念及表达方式共同建构起来的体系。从《经学系传谱》来看,内地伊斯兰教经堂教育的目标就是经师的培养、经书的引入与阐扬,培养教门意识。这些内容有助于推进伊斯兰教中国化。     

中国伊斯兰教的“中道”实践北大核心CSSCISSCI

经堂教育是中国伊斯兰教传统教育制度。中国伊斯兰教的经堂教育不同于阿拉伯伊斯兰国家清真寺内的教育,而具有中国私塾教育特色,且充分凸显了伊斯兰教的中道思想。 一、教育模式的＂中道＂精神。经堂教育是中国穆斯林创办的一种带有中国特色的宗教教育形式,它对于经学人才和伊斯兰教教职人员的培养、伊斯兰教在中国的传播发展,以及中国特色伊斯兰教的形成起了至关重要的作用。     

回族经堂教育中的“波斯四书”及其译本

<正>所谓"波斯四书"是指《艾慎阿忒·拉玛阿特》、《拉瓦一哈》、《默格索德·阿格撒》、《米尔萨德》等,他们是关于苏非理学的波斯文著作,在回族经堂教育中流传已久,且较早被翻译成汉语,对伊斯兰教汉文译著,尤其是在苏非理学层面影响很大。一、刘智提及的"六大部经"明末清初回族伊斯兰教经堂教育发展成熟,文献积累逐渐丰富。穆斯林经师搜集、整理和翻译宗教文献的意识增强。同时,对这些文献进行了整体定位,称之为"经",以示尊     

维吾尔族伊斯兰教经堂教育的历史及其影响

伊斯兰教经堂教育是伊斯兰文化体系的重要内容,是伊斯兰文化生生不息的纽带。维吾尔族作为中国信仰伊斯兰教的主要少数民族之一,其伊斯兰教经堂教育的历史悠久,影响深远,历史上,伊斯兰教经堂教育不仅是维吾尔族教育的主要方式,也是推动伊斯兰教在新疆传播和发展的重要力量。     

明清内地伊斯兰教经堂教育话语体系的历史意义——从《经学系传谱》谈起

<正>内地伊斯兰教经堂教育的话语体系,是指内地伊斯兰教经堂教育在发展过程中,对教育目标、理念及表达方式共同建构起来的体系。从《经学系传谱》来看,内地伊斯兰教经堂教育的目标就是经师的培养、经书的引入与阐扬,培养教门意识。这些内容有助于推进伊斯兰教中国化。一、经师的培养有助于穆斯林与主流社会的沟通从明朝开始,除信仰之外,内地穆斯林的建筑、姓氏、语言、婚姻、服饰等方面,更具有中国气派与中国风格。那么,内地穆     

试析马启西与苏非主义的关系

本文从宗教行为和思想两个层面分析了中国伊斯兰教西道堂创始人马启西所受苏非主义的影响,及其对中国西北苏非主义传统的接纳和继承,肯定了马启西在中国苏非主义发展中的地位,并进一步申论了马启西与苏非主义关系的澄清在中国伊斯兰教史、教派关系史以及西道堂研究中的学术价值。     

中国伊斯兰教传统经学与学派新论

<正>今年是中国伊斯兰教经堂教育的开创者、传统经学的奠基人胡登洲太师诞辰500周年。胡登洲创立的经堂教育逐渐形塑了中国伊斯兰教,形成了真正意义上的中国伊斯兰教经学,在中国伊斯兰教发展史上具有重要意义。数百年来,经堂教育培养了一代代本土经学人才,也形成了具有中国风格和地域特色的学派,     

Shi‘i Islamic cosmopolitanism and the transformation of religious authority in Senegal

Senegalese “conversion” to Shi‘i Islam resulted from cosmopolitan interactions with West Africa’s resident Lebanese population and Iranian revolutionary ideologies. Shi‘i advocates spread their religious convictions through teaching, conferences, holiday celebrations, and media publicity. Key to their success are libraries full of Arabic and French texts from Iran and Lebanon. Inherent in Islamic education is the authority bestowed on those who are knowledgeable, and with the spread of religious knowledge through books, media, and the Internet comes a broadening of the scope of religious authority and resulting conflict with or accommodation of old political communities. Senegalese converts to Shi‘i Islam use their literacy in Arabic and individually acquired libraries of Islamic legal books to bypass the authority of Sufi marabouts. Some keep their feet in both Sunni and Shi‘i worlds, and their ability to compare religious texts of both traditions wins them disciples. Shi‘i minorities claim autochthony and authenticity in Senegal through narrating revisionist historical accounts of the spread of (Shi‘i) Islam to Africa. Conferences commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Husayn during the Shi‘i mourning period in the month of Muharram target Sufi Muslims who also love the family of the Prophet. Shi‘i leaders skillfully detach this foreign religious ideology from Middle Eastern politics and make this branch of Islam relevant to Senegalese through establishing religious centers as NGOs, which work to bring health care and economic development to neighborhoods in the name of Shi‘i Islam.     

“I will accept whatever is meant for us. I wait for that—day and night”: The search for healing at a Muslim shrine in Pakistan

This paper describes an ethnographic perspective on the role of a Muslim shrine in Pakistan. Most shrines in Muslim countries represent the Sufi tradition in Islam where followers seek healing and fulfilment of their wishes using Sufi saints as intermediaries. In Pakistan, the shrine of Hazrat Abdullah Shah Ashabi provides a significant religious, social, physical, and psychological resource where people engage in religious rituals, community living and healing rituals to address physical, emotional, and social ailments. In addition to the explanatory models of misfortune described by the informants, gender, poverty, availability of formal health services, and social support seem to play a significant role in emphasizing the position of the Sufi shrine in a Muslim setting.     

Apolitical Interpretation of Islam: Said Nursi's Faith-Based Activism in Comparison with Political Islamism and Sufism

In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, Islam has generally been represented in the media as a political ideology and some academics have over-emphasized this political image of Islam. These are not baseless speculations; there are several political Islamic groups worldwide. However, there are also many apolitical Islamic groups. This article analyzes one of the most influential apolitical Islamic movements in the world, the Nurcus, and its founder, Bediüzzaman Said Nursi. Nursi, the author of the Risale-i Nur collection, emphasized the ascetic aspect of Islam: ‘Ninety-nine percent of Islam is about ethics, worship, the hereafter, and virtue. Only one percent is about politics; leave that to the rulers.’ He also added, ‘I seek refuge in God from Satan and [party] politics.’ Through the analysis of Nursi's thought and activism, the article will try to answer the following questions: Was Nursi a Sufi? What are the theological and structural bases of Nursi's apolitical interpretation of Islam? What is the impact of the secular state in Turkey on the development of Nursi's apolitical outlook and activism? What does his apolitical understanding of Islam say to non-Turkish Muslims who do not live in a secular state?     

The Symbolical and Mystical Meanings in ‘cAbdullah of the Sea and cAbdullah of the Land’ (The Arabian Nights)

This article argues that the tale (#163, Nights 940–46)) from The Arabian Nights, entitled ‘^cAbdullah of the Sea and ^cAbdullah of the Land’ encapsulates highly spiritual and symbolical meanings that appear different on land and on sea. It is divided in three parts. The first tackles the view of a simple and clear Islam represented by a fisherman named ^cAbdullah. Part two deals with a more hermetic Islam embodied by a merman who bears the same name. Part three analyses the complex symbols encoded in the three even numbers, namely, two, four, and 40. The tale as a whole illustrates the difference between exoteric Islam (the Land), characterized by simplicity and clarity, and Sufi Islam, distinctive for its depth and its mystery (the Sea).     

MYSTICISM AS MORALITY

Sufism—spiritual practice, intellectual discipline, literary tradition, and social institution—has played an integral role in the moral formation of Muslim society. Its aspiration toward a universal kindness to all creatures beyond the requirements of Islamic law has added a distinctly hypernomian dimension to the moral vision of Islam, as evidenced in a wide range of Sufi literature. The universal perspective of Sufism, fully rooted in Islamic revelation, yields a lived (and not just studied) ethics with the potential to view and embrace all creatures through a single ethical vision, regardless of religious or other affiliation. This side of Islam, both acknowledging and surpassing the outlook of the legal heritage, offers important insight into understanding the nature of Muslim society as both Islamic and meta‐Islamic in religious orientation. Sufism, still significant in today's Islamic world, thus offers important material for locating Islam as part of an international order with principles and standards that resonate deeply with the moral vision of Islam itself.     

Production of mystical Islam in Europe: Religious authorization in the Süleymanlı Sufi community

This article examines the production of religious authority among the Süleymanlı, a branch of the Naqshibandiyya order, which is the largest Sufi community active among Turkish-origin Muslims in Europe. Like other Islamic organizations, the Süleymanlı claims to represent “true Islam,” which they construct during their central communal ritual, hatim, in which religious knowledge is produced and disseminated. The interaction of a religious corpus of assertions, media of representation, and social organization during this ritual produces its “criteria of Islamic validity and priority” which authorizes mystical Islam. European adaptations of the Islamic tradition require an analysis of how Islam is authorized rather than simply what “European Islam” is or who speaks on behalf of it, individually or communally.     

Mystics and Sufi masters: Thomas Merton and dialogue between Christians and Muslims

The Cistercian, Trappist monk Thomas Merton (1915–1968), author of numerous books on Christian spirituality, monasticism and social commentary, was a forerunner in popular inter‐religious dialogue in the twentieth century. In this connection, he is best known for his sympathetic explorations of themes from Asian religions, particularly Zen and other forms of Buddhism. This article calls attention to his studies in Islam, initially under the guidance of Louis Massignon (1883–1962), and particularly in Sufism. It highlights his interactions with a number of contemporary Muslim thinkers, and describes his decade‐long correspondence with a Pakistani Muslim student of Sufi texts, a unique instance of a sustained dialogue in letters on religious themes between a Muslim and a Christian in modern times. The article also calls attention to the ways in which Merton took inspiration from Islamic sources in the development of his own spiritual teaching.     

中国伊斯兰教教派归属的几个问题

本文根据史料文献,从教派组织制度、信仰礼仪等方面考察分析中国伊斯兰教历史上的教派归属问题。认为逊尼派(Sunni)在中国伊斯兰教中始终居主流地位,但什叶派(Shi‘ah)教义主张也曾获得流传,不过在中国伊斯兰教中教派分歧始终不明显。     

Organization and work of missionaries in the Middle‐Volga in the second half of the nineteenth century

The missionary effort of the Orthodox Church in the Middle‐Volga—a region conquered by Russia in the sixteenth century and inhabited by an ethnically heterogeneous population practising Islam or a variety of indigenous religions—had led to the formation of important communities of converts. But until the nineteenth century, the church made essentially no effort to educate the converts in the meaning and content of the Orthodox faith and movements of apostasy were frequent. In the mid‐nineteenth century, an outstanding group of missionaries, concerned about the spread of Islam among the nominally Christian communities, began to deploy an important activity to enlighten converts in the Orthodox faith. Their methods—evangelization, education, and propaganda in native languages—were novel and radical. Concerned with the defence of nominally Christian populations against Muslim influences, anti‐Muslim activity was an important aspect of work of the missionaries. Missionaries developed a substantial anti‐Islamic literature and used their considerable influence to harm the Muslims culturally and politically. The legacy of the missionary experience contributed to the continuing distrust between Russians and indigenous peoples.     

The Advent and Schisms of Sufi Orders in Mozambique, 1896–1964

Sufi identity and rituals became widespread among local Muslims during the colonial era due to the expansion of the Shadhuliyya and the Qadiriyya orders. But the history of Sufism in Mozambique has been little explored. Portuguese colonial officials began paying closer attention to Islam in general and Sufism in particular only toward the end of the colonial period, especially in the late 1960s. This sudden interest was prompted by the independence war that took place mostly in northern Mozambique, where significant numbers of Muslims lived. The colonial Secret Service was mandated to find out how and why Muslims were involved in the independence struggle and in which ways they could be subverted. Otherwise there has been very limited research on Sufism, especially since Mozambique achieved independence. This article examines the historical context into which the orders arrived, and what prompted their significant expansion, as well as the reasons why they subsequently split up into eight autonomous branches. It is based on archival research in Mozambique and Portugal and fieldwork conducted at Mozambique Island, and in Angoche, Nampula, Pemba and Maputo cities.