某些脑血管病患者的记忆研究

脑血管病种类很多,其中脑动脉硬化和脑血管意外是中老人最常见的脑血管病。大多数研究说明,慢性动脉硬化性脑血液循环障碍病人均有不同程度的智能和记忆障碍。但也有少数与此不同的发现。对于这类病人智力活动的评估,常采用的方法是神经心理学技术。K.W.Walsh(1978)指出,系统的记忆测验在许多病例中都有其应用价值,在神经心理学技术中它是第一步的,也是最有用的测验。在记忆测验中,国外用得较多的系统检查是Wechsler 记忆量表(简     

脑中风患者记忆障碍的再研究

本文采用临床记忆量表进一步研究了113例脑梗塞或脑出血患者的记忆损害状况。资料表明约50％的病人记忆商数(MQ)在中等水平以下。与正常人比较差异显著。在急性期刚过的条件下人脑出血组的记忆障碍比较脑梗塞组更为严重一些。四项与词语记忆有关的分测验及MQ均以左脑中风组下降明显,以联想学习与图形自由回忆比较明显。记忆下降的程度与脑梗塞或脑出血的体积大小无明显正相关。     

不同月龄小鼠行为训练与脑突触蛋白的相关性研究

不同年龄动物在各种行为实验中表现出学习记忆能力不同。一般地说,动物进入中年期以后,记忆保持力(retention)随年龄增长而下降。有关衰老性记忆障碍与脑内神经细胞变化的相关性已有大量观察记载,但中、幼年阶段的记忆力差异及其脑内突触机制     

高原低氧对脑功能的影响

本文报告了海拔4,000米左右低氧对脑功能的影响,并观察了高原现场驾驶汽车劳动6小时后脑功能的变化。所用测试指标如下:视觉机能(颜色分辨、深度觉、视觉疲劳和视觉注意稳定性等测验);听觉机能(听阈测验、听觉疲劳、声音强度辨别阈和声源定向等测定);记忆联想和演算能力测定;反应时和手脚协同活动反应;驾驶追踪动作和汽车穿桩实验等多种综合指标。结果表明,一些指标有影响,另一些指标没有影响。总的看来,海拔4,000米左右的高原现场对人的感觉机能和脑功能没有明显的影响。     

逆行性遗忘的研究进展

1　前言　　遗忘症是记忆障碍的一种形式 ,其主要表现有顺行性遗忘和逆行性遗忘 ,但病人的短时记忆和智力均正常。顺行性遗忘是指脑受损后被试学习记忆新知识能力的下降 ,而逆行性遗忘是指被试对脑损伤发生之前的事件的记忆障碍 ,又称为远期记忆障碍[1- 2 ] 。相对于顺行性遗忘来说 ,心理学家和神经科学家对于逆行性遗忘的研究较少 ,但它对遗忘症的理论发展、对理解正常的记忆功能及信息在脑内的组织等认知神经科学的基本问题都具有重要的意义。研究逆行性遗忘最常用的测验大致分为两种 :其一是有关公众事件的测验 ,如著名人物 \事件测验。…     

初中阶段差生与优生记忆活动的比较

一、问题的提出 记忆力是智力的一个重要因素,它在任何学习活动中都是不可缺少的。一个人记忆力的好坏,直接影响他的学习成绩。中学生中学习成绩很差的学生(以下简称差生)和学习成绩优秀的学生(以下简称优生)在记忆能力上是否有差别?有哪些差别?他们的记忆过程各有些什么特点?搞清这些问题,对于了解和促进差生的智力和智力活动的发展,对     

儿童 P300与行为问题和智力不平衡的关系

本文探讨儿童听觉P300与行为问题和智力不平衡的关系。分别采用儿童行为问卷(CBCL)和韦氏儿童智力测验(WISC—CR)评价儿童的行为和智力水平,采用听觉Oddball模式检测儿童的事件相关电位。结果表明,智力不平衡和P300潜伏期延迟提示的脑功能损伤可相互验证,混合问题儿童脑功能损伤程度比单一问题儿童严重,智力不平衡且有混合问题儿童的脑功能损伤更有可能是器质性的。     

远记忆测验方法综述

远记忆测验(remote memory test)相对于成套记忆测验，是一种单项记忆测验。自Warrington和Silberstein 1970年编制与使用公众事件方法进行远记忆测验的30多年来，国外远记忆测验的编制，一直沿着两条途径发展，即社会大事件和个人经历测验法；并且在遗忘症、脑外伤、脑进行性病变(如Alzheimer病、Parkinson病)等的记忆损伤研究中广     

视觉障碍儿童人格特征的比较研究

以《缺陷儿童人格诊断量表》为工具对视觉障碍儿童进行人格评定,并将其测验分数与先前有关其他特殊儿童和正常儿童的同一量表测验结果加以比较。比较结果表明．视觉障碍儿童与正常儿童、智力落后儿童的人格特性有明显差异,而与听觉障碍儿童的人格差异相对要小一些。随年龄、障碍程度的不同．视觉障碍儿童的人格特性也有明显差异。     

改善脑血流量对短时记忆和选择反应时的影响

老年人常主诉记忆减退,反应不敏捷。这些改变有些属年龄增大,记忆逐步减退和反应迟纯的生理趋势所致,但也有些则是由疾病引起的,尤其是在脑动脉硬化,脑供血不足的情况下,很难保持良好的记忆。对非生理现象的脑记忆功能减退和反应迟纯的患者通过临床治疗,改善脑部血液循环后,其短时记忆功能和反应时能否提高?对此作者在使用体外反搏方法治疗12例脑血管疾病患者的过程中,着重观察了脑的短时记忆功能和选择反应时的变化。方法对象,12例脑动脉硬化症病人,年龄55—75岁。(诊断依据全国脑动脉硬化症诊断标     

Comparability of slosson and S-B estimates of intelligence

The Slosson Intelligence Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Form L-M) were administered to 44 children. The Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) correlated .92 with the Stanford-Binet (SB), suggesting agreement in the ordering of individuals. A comparison of measured IQs indicated that the Slosson Intelligence Test overestimated IQ, when compared with the Stanford-Binet, for 39 of the 44 children. The results of the study also suggest that although a high degree of correlation was attained with the Stanford-Binet, the Slosson Intelligence Test does not produce comparable IQs for certain chronological age and intellectual functioning levels.     

ON HOMOGENEITY OF STATES AND TRANSFER IN LEARNING TO CATEGORIZE

Two groups of subjects (A and B) were first trained on samples of states with different homogeneity and then tested on common samples. It was found that B learned faster with the more homogeneous samples of items. This group also performed better in terms of transfer. Both groups did better than the control group (C) on the test series. A fourth group (D) had items which, according to Weber's law, would appear less similar than those of the control group. As was to be expected, C performed better than D. The outcome may be interpreted in terms of categorization. When states leading to the same event become more homogeneous, categorization of the input information is easier, and both learning and transfer facilitated.     

A PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS

A total of 366 school children were rated by 12 teachers in respect of 11 personality traits. In a laboratory experiment, a group of 10 teachers estimated the degree of perceived similarity between the same traits. In a second laboratory experiment, estimates were obtained of the frequency with which the traits occur together. It was found that similarity of traits was proportional to the squared coefficient of inter-trait ccmelation. A similar relation was demonstrated for estimated co-frequency and inter-trait corre- lation. Furthermore, factor analyses of the three sets of data revealed essentially the same three factors of Intelligence, Sociability and Dependability. The results are discussed within a psychophysical framework regarding the subjects rated and traits estimated as stimuli in a person-perception experiment.     

Conditional discrimination and equivalence relations: Control by negative stimuli

Three adult subjects were taught the following two-sample, two-comparison conditional discriminations (each sample is shown with its positive and negative comparison, in that order): A1-B1B2, A2-B2B1; B1-C1C2, B2-C2C1; and C1-D1D2, C2-D2D1. A teaching procedure was designed to encourage control by negative comparisons. Subjects were then tested for emergent performances that would indicate whether the baseline conditional discriminations were reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The tests documented the emergence of two classes of equivalent stimuli: A1, B2, C1, D2 and A2, B1, C2, D1. These were the classes to be expected if the negative comparisons were the controlling comparisons in the baseline conditional discriminations. The negative comparisons, however, were not the comparisons that subjects were recorded as having chosen in the baseline conditional discriminations. Differential test results confirmed predictions arising from a stimulus-control analysis: In reflexivity tests (AA, BB, CC, DD), subjects chose comparisons that differed from the sample; one-node transitivity (AC, BD) and "equivalence" (CA, DB) tests also yielded results that were the opposite of those to be expected from control by positive comparisons; symmetry tests (BA, CB, DC), two-node transitivity (AD) tests, and two-node "equivalence" (DA) tests yielded results that were to be expected from control by either positive or negative comparisons.     

REVERSAL OF BASELINE RELATIONS AND STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE: II. CHILDREN

In a systematic replication of a study using college-student subjects (Pilgrim & Galizio, 1990), 5- to 7-year-old children learned two conditional discriminations (i.e., A1B1, A2B2, A1C1, and A2C2) in a two-choice arbitrary match-to-sample task and showed the emergence of two three-member equivalence classes (A1B1C1 and A2B2C2). Baseline conditional discrimination performances were quickly controlled by reversals of the AC reinforcement contingencies (i.e., choosing Comparison Stimulus C2 was reinforced given Sample A1, and choosing C1 was reinforced given Sample A2) when the reversals were introduced in restricted baselines. On reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity/equivalence probes following the reversal, there was some limited indication of equivalence-class reorganization (i.e., A1B1C2 and A2B2C1) in keeping with the concurrently performed baseline relations for 2 of 5 subjects, but the predominant pattern across probe trials was one of inconsistent conditional control. These findings suggest that, given similar challenges, equivalence-class performances may be more easily disrupted in young children than in adults.     

Visual evoked potentials elicited by subjective contour figures

In order to investigate the relationship between the appearance of illusory figures and the wave form of visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 8 different visual pattern stimuli were presented to 8 normal subjects. Four of the stimuli (experimental stimuli) produced subjective figures and contours (squares and discs). The 4 other stimuli (reference stimuli), although equal to the experimental stimuli in the amount of physical energy, did not produce the illusion of squares or discs. Electrodes were placed on the scalp at central and occipital locations. Three prominent peaks in the occipital record were observed in all subjects. An amplitude difference of VEP N180 (N2) between the subjective figures and the reference stimuli was found in the values for each subject. Enhancement of the VEP of the illusory figure stimuli was observed for a specific component (N2), whereas the amplitude values at the central components and the occipital P120 (P2) and P280 (P3) were almost the same as the reference values. The VEP (N2 component) amplitude enhancement at the occipital area for subjective figure stimuli suggests that illusory contour formation takes place at higher levels in the visual system. This was known from experiments using dichoptic presentation.     

左前额叶参与非相关词对的语义编码过程──来自光学成像的佐证

通过研究左前额叶在非相关同对的语义编码过程中的作用,探讨近红外光学成像技术用于脑高级认知活动检测的可行性。被试在两种实验条件下分别学习视觉呈现的20个汉字非相关词对,要求被试或将词对组成一个有意义的句子(深加工),或判断两个词是否具有相同的结构组合(浅加工)。光学成像器即时记录连续光透过额骨及前额皮层后760nm和850nm的漫射光强变化,以此推测相应脑组织的血容量变化。结果表明,与浅加工相比,左下前额叶在深加工时的血容量增多,尤其是背外侧部分。     

Form E of the 16PF and adults with mental retardation: internal consistency and validity.

Form E of the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF-E) was administered to 70 adults (45 men and 25 women) who resided in a public facility for mentally retarded persons. Alpha coefficients were computed for each of 16 primary trait scales. The Intelligence (B), Ego Strength (C), Dominance (E), Superego Strength (G), Parmia (H), Protension (L), Autia (M), Shrewdness (N), Guilt Proneness (O), and Self-Sentiment (Q3) scales exhibited low internal consistency, whereas Premsia (I) and Self-Sufficiency (Q2) evidence relatively higher levels. Personality traits of subjects were also assessed by staff ratings. Ratings were compared to 16PF-E primary and secondary trait scores via correlation coefficients. Results provided virtually no support for the validity of the 16PF-E primary scales and the Exvia, Anxiety, and Cortertia secondary factors as applied to the subject population. Limited support for the validity of the Independence secondary factor was found.     

自由回忆中元记忆监控的作用及其影响因素

采用“类信号检测论方法”,通过两个实验,研究了在记忆信息提取过程中元记忆的预见性监测判断（Feeling-of-knowing）和元控制的作用及其影响因素。实验一探讨了识记材料的难易、识记遍数对元监测判断以及输出控制中的反应标准是否有影响;实验二探讨了严格和宽松的奖惩条件对输出控制中反应标准的影响。用计算机随机呈现识记用的词表材料,识记之后让被试进行FOK等级判断和自由回忆,再用“类信号检测论”方法统计实验数据,分析各种条件下回忆成绩、FOK判断等级,计算出相应的符合率和反应标准。实验一结果表明,不同材料难度和识记遍数下的回忆成绩和FOK判断等级差异显著,但输出控制中的反应标准值没受这些因素的影响;实验二结果是严格和宽松奖惩条件下的反应标准值差异显著,严格条件下的反应标准显著高于宽松条件下的反应标准,表明奖惩条件对信息提取中的反应标准有显著影响     

立体视觉的心理物理和VEP比较研究

心理物理试验是研究立体视觉的主要方法。70年代VEP开始用于体视研究,并取得许多结果。由于VEP信号复杂,这些结果不能令人满意。本文使用心理物理试验和VEP对比方法对体视加以研究。我们的结果是:VEP波形中第一个正峰与刺激图形的亮度有关;N_2峰和P_3峰的潜伏期对判断体视存在与否有重要价值;本试验确定N_2峰潜伏期在体视存在时约为240ms—280ms,无体视存在时约为290ms—310ms;P_3峰潜伏期在体视存在时约为280ms—310ms,无体视存在时约为340ms—360ms;体视存在时的VEP与无体视存在时的VEP的互相关系数小于0.1;有体视的VEP其功率谱密度在8Hz附近有一峰;心理物理试验中使用强制选择得到的结果从VEP波形比较中可以确认是可靠的;有体视的VEP其N_2和P_3的潜伏期随视差变化呈现规律性改变。