决策权力及其选择对大学生合作行为的影响研究

该研究以最后报价谈判问题为实验材料,考察决策权力及其选择对大学生合作行为的影响。结果表明:1)决策权力对大学生的合作行为有显著影响。拥有分配权的大学生倾向于采取竞争策略,拥有否决权和要求权的大学生都倾向于采取合作策略;2)决策权力的选择对大学生的合作行为有显著影响。在可以选择决策权力的情况下,大学生倾向于选择能够使自己获得更大收益的权力。     

风险决策中的双参照点效应

以预期理论为代表的决策理论认为, 决策者自身的损益状态对风险决策有重要作用, 因此, 将决策者的现状定义为个人参照点。它决定了决策情境是个人获益还是个人损失。个人参照点直接关乎决策者实际的得失, 具有直接性、真实性和绝对性的特征。然而, 社会比较理论认为, 与他人的比较结果同样对风险决策具有不可忽视的意义。因此, 将他人的状态定义为社会参照点。自身的现状与他人状态相比较的结果决定了决策情境是社会获益还是社会损失。社会参照点无关决策者的实际得失, 具有间接性、假设性和相对性的特征。社会参照点通过自我概念、情绪、认知等路径作用于风险决策。更为重要的是, 社会参照点和个人参照点同时存在于风险决策过程中, 决策者对两者的心理感受和行为倾向具有相似性, 因此两者将共同影响决策者的风险选择。基于此, 本文提出风险决策中的双参照点效应。有关双参照点对风险决策过程的影响机制还需进一步的探讨。     

情绪对职业决策的影响

职业决策是决策研究领域的重要课题,引起了心理学家和决策研究者的高度关注.本文在以往研究的基础上,引人情绪和职业种类变量探讨了情绪对职业决策的影响,结果显示:(1)无论是四种还是八种职业决策任务,积极情绪的被试同消极情绪的被试相比,信息搜索的时间较长,信息搜索的深度显著增加;(2)在职业选择策略上,积极情绪的被试更加倾向于基于选项的加工,而消极情绪的被试随着从四种职业决策任务到八种决策任务的转变,逐渐倾向于基于属性的加工;(3)情绪影响了决策者职业决策的信息加工能力.     

金钱刺激和决策者角色对个体道德决策的影响——基于过程分离范式

以大学生为被试,采用3（金钱刺激：无金钱刺激、金钱奖励、金钱惩罚）×2（决策者角色：决策者、旁观者）的被试间实验设计,利用过程分离范式分别计算被试道德决策中的功利主义倾向和道义论倾向,从而探讨金钱刺激和决策者角色对个体道德决策的影响。结果发现：（1）无论是决策者还是旁观者,金钱刺激都不会影响其道义论倾向;（2）决策者的道义论倾向大于旁观者;（3）只在有金钱奖励时决策者的功利主义倾向才大于旁观者。     

认知信息的详尽度与锚定对决策策略的影响

以191名大学生为被试,采用2×3的完全组间设计,探讨不同认知信息详尽度和有无锚定材料条件下大学生决策策略类型的选择。结果发现:(1)认知信息详尽度对被试的决策策略选择的影响显著,被试在低认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用维度比较策略,而在高认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用综合比较策略,并且倾向程度差异显著。(2)锚定效应对决策策略选择的影响不显著,认知信息详尽度与锚定的交互作用也不显著。     

职业决策情境中信任水平对建议采纳的影响*

研究应用“决策者-建议者系统”(Judge-Advisor System)经典研究范式,以62名大学生为被试,探讨了职业决策情境中信任水平、建议类型对建议采纳的影响。结果发现:(1)决策者的最终决策信心倾向于坚持原有信念;(2)信任水平的主效应及其与建议类型的交互作用对建议采纳主效应存在显著影响;(3)建议者信心对决策者的建议采纳权重具有正向预测作用,并削弱了信任对建议采纳权重的作用。这表明,在职业决策情境中,信任水平对决策者建议采纳权重的影响与建议者提供的建议类型(与决策者的初始决策是否一致),以及提供建议时的信心水平有关。     

调节模式与决策角色对延迟选择的影响及机制:过程追踪的视角

从过程追踪视角出发,运用信息板技术通过3个实验探讨调节模式对延迟选择的影响及信息加工方式(加工时间、加工深度、加工模式)与决策角色在其中的中介和调节作用。结果发现：(1)调节模式影响个体的延迟选择,评估比运动模式者更倾向于延迟选择;(2)加工时间在调节模式与延迟选择间起中介作用;(3)决策角色分别调节了调节模式与加工时间、延迟选择的关系,即为自我决策时,评估模式比运动模式者的加工时间更长、更倾向于延迟选择,而为他人决策时二者的偏好无显著差异;(4)决策角色调节了加工时间在调节模式与延迟选择中的中介作用,表现为有调节的中介,即为自我决策时,评估模式比运动模式者的加工时间更长致使其更倾向延迟选择,而为他人决策时加工时间的中介作用不显著。研究结果对进一步理解不同调节模式个体的延迟选择偏好及机制及如何根据不同调节模式消费者的差异制定有效的营销策略均有一定启示。     

决策过程中的建议采纳:策略、影响及未来展望

他人建议往往能帮助决策者提高决策质量,但大多数决策者都不能选择恰当采纳策略,即低估平均策略的效能而选择自我中心的加权策略。决策者对建议的采纳程度主要受四方面因素的影响:(1)建议特征:如建议类型和数量;(2)任务特征;(3)决策者特征:决策者的权力、情绪、自尊、认知风格及认知复杂性等,都影响着建议采纳;(4)建议者特征:如建议者和决策者相似性,建议者的自信度和可靠性都影响着建议采纳的结果。未来研究可以进一步探讨建议者权力类型、决策者评价敏感性对建议采纳的影响;表面采纳及其测量;建议提出的方式与建议评估和采纳的关系,不断丰富建议采纳研究领域。     

信息的不同效价匹配对决策者职业决策行为的影响

采用2(信息类型:个体背景信息、价值取向信息)×2(匹配方式:高效价匹配、低效价匹配)的混合实验设计,探讨了决策者在职业决策即时情境中对不同效价信息匹配的觉知水平、信息搜集策略的应用以及职业选择行为.结果发现:(1)决策者对不同类型信息的觉知水平存在显著性差异,而且匹配方式也对信息觉知水平具有显著影响;(2)决策者在不同信息的不同效价匹配情境中决策策略的应用是不同的;(3)信息类型对决策行为存在显著性影响,而信息效价对决策行为的影响因信息的不同而不同.     

焦虑对社会决策行为的影响

焦虑是在人类日常生活中常见的一种负性情绪。探讨焦虑情绪在个人生活和工作中扮演的角色, 是生理学界和心理学界的一项重要课题。过往研究显示焦虑水平的提高会对社会能力和社交技巧造成显著的影响。在社会决策领域中, 这种影响的具体表现是高焦虑者比低焦虑者更倾向于采取回避风险的策略。但是, 过往研究主要关心包含经济因素的社会决策, 而对其他类型的社会行为的探索存在不足。以下问题值得未来研究者们关注：在个体层面上, 高焦虑者是否会更容易受到外界信息的影响, 表现出更强的从众行为和权威依从倾向, 与他人进行社会比较或社会竞争的动机是否会被削弱？在群体层面上, 高焦虑者是否更容易表现出人际信任, 以及是否会表现出更强的服从集体倾向？考察这些问题将会为针对焦虑情绪的认知研究和临床研究起到促进作用。     

情绪智力及相关变量对职业决策线索加工的影响

以66名应届或往届大学生为被试,运用何小蕾（2004）修订的情绪智力量表和信息板技术探讨了决策时限、选项数量及情绪智力对职业决策过程中线索加工的影响。结果发现：（1）决策时限和选项数量影响职业决策过程中各条线索的平均点击次数和平均加工时间,说明完成信息板任务过程中被试加工线索的策略会因为决策时限和选项数量的变化而发生改变;（2）情绪智力水平对职业决策中的信息搜索模式有显著影响,高情绪智力水平者倾向于采用基于选项的复杂搜索策略;（3）情绪智力的各维度对职业决策中信息加工的平均决策时间、搜索深度和搜索模式具有不同的影响,其中管理情绪、表达情绪对决策时间和搜索深度均有显著影响,理解情绪对决策时间有显著影响,利用情绪对搜索深度和搜索模式有显著影响,而情绪发展对决策时间有显著影响。     

任务难度、决策培训诸因素对群体决策的影响

通过3人群体的人员选拔模拟实验。考察了任务难度、群体结构和决策培训三个变量对群体决策信息取样的影响。结果显示：(1)部分证明了Stasser的信息取样模型,分享信息具有讨论的优势,同时偏好是影响群体决策的中介因素,但是,该模型只适合于任务难度较大的情况;(2)设立具有信息管理作用的领导者这种群体结构在信息取样中没有表现出主效应,它只是通过与决策培训和任务难度一起对信息取样产生影响;(3)策略计划和信息警戒性的决策培训对信息取样有影响,一定程度上提高了非分享信息的讨论比例,然而这种影响仅发生在任务难度小或适中的情况下。决策培训对信息取样的影响发生在讨论的开始部分,并影响了讨论前的个体偏好;(4)群体结构和决策培训具有交互作用,从而影响了群体讨论的信息取样,群体结构和决策培训都受到任务难度的影响。     

创业风险决策框架效应特征研究

以创业风险决策为背景,以从事管理类工作的白领员工为被试,探讨了框架效应的表现特征。结果表明随着损益值的增加人们倾向保守,而随着概率水平的增加而偏好冒险,创业倾向高的个体更倾向冒险。框架效应并不出现在所有输赢描述决策情境中,它只出现在缺乏主导社会线索的模糊情况下。     

DISCUSSION PROCEDURES AND DECISION-MAKING PERFORMANCE

This study sought to obtain empirical data that either directly supports or refutes the “functional” perspective advanced by recent group decision-making theorists. Specifically, the study attempted to test the general claim that the group's satisfaction of critical task-achievement functions (or requisite conditions) is a better predictor of decision-making performance than the discussion procedures it employs in arriving at a decision. A total of 48 three-member groups were randomly assigned to one of four different discussion formats. The groups were trained to use their assigned format in arriving at a decision regarding a human relations case. Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant main effect for “discussion format,” but a significant main effect for “satisfaction of requisite conditions.” No interaction effect was discovered. The findings thus offer strong support for the “functional” perspective. Other analyses indicated that the satisfaction of certain requisite conditions may be more important than others in determining group decision-making success.     

The gendered nature of family structure and group-based anti-egalitarianism: a cross-national analysis

Using 4 samples of adolescents from 3 nations (Australia, Sweden, and the United States), the authors explored whether the gendered nature of the family socialization environment affected young people's level of group-based social egalitarianism. It was hypothesized that the greater the father's influence in the family, the greater the children's level of group-based social anti-egalitarianism. The results were consistent with the authors' expectations. Children from father-headed households had the highest level of group-based social anti-egalitarianism; children from mother-headed households had the lowest level of group-based anti-egalitarianism; and children from dual-parent households were in between. Similarly, children from homes in which the father had the greatest decision-making power tended to exhibit the highest levels of anti-egalitarianism, whereas children from homes in which the mother had the greatest decision-making power displayed the lowest levels of social anti-egalitarianism. Family structure did not interact with either the nationality or gender of the child.     

自我—他人危机决策信息加工过程的差异:来自眼动的证据

本研究采用iView X-RED眼动仪,分两个实验来考察自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程的差异。实验一采用单因素实验设计探讨自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程,结果表明：为自我决策组的平均阅读时间、平均注视时间、平均注视次数、平均凝视时间、平均回视次数都显著高于为他人决策组。实验二采用2（任务框架：积极,消极）x2（决策者角色：为自我、为他人）混合实验设计,结果表明：在积极框架下,为自我决策组平均阅读时间、平均注视时间、平均注视次数、平均凝视时间、平均回视次数显著高于为他人决策组;在消极框架下,两个组没有显著差异。总体表现为,自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程存在差异,且受任务框架的影响。     

The Gendered Nature of Family Structure and Group-Based Anti-Egalitarianism: A Cross-National Analysis

Abstract

Using 4 samples of adolescents from 3 nations (Australia, Sweden, and the United States), the authors explored whether the gendered nature of the family socialization environment affected young people's level of group-based social egalitarianism. It was hypothesized that the greater the father's influence in the family, the greater the children's level of group-based social anti-egalitarianism. The results were consistent with the authors' expectations. Children from father-headed households had the highest level of group-based social anti-egalitarianism; children from mother-headed households had the lowest level of group-based anti-egalitarianism; and children from dual-parent households were in between. Similarly, children from homes in which the father had the greatest decision-making power tended to exhibit the highest levels of anti-egalitarianism, whereas children from homes in which the mother had the greatest decision-making power displayed the lowest levels of social anti-egalitarianism. Family structure did not interact with either the nationality or gender of the child.     

Adherence to Hormone Replacement Therapy: A Longitudinal Study Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour

The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess the stability and determinants of the intention to adopt HRT over a one-year period using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. At baseline, a total of 644 middle-aged premenopausal women who had never used HRT, were recruited. At follow-up, 417 women completed an interview to assess any change in their reproductive status and in their behavioural intention. Among women who stayed premenopausal (n = 172) and among those who became perimenopausal (n = 209), the intention to adopt HRT was quite stable over the one-year period. However, being perimenopausal had a significant effect on the intention to adopt HRT at follow-up, as did subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and moral norm measured at baseline. Attitude towards HRT did not have a significant effect on the intention to adopt HRT one year later. Therefore, interventions to support women's decision-making about HRT should be tailored to their menopausal status and take into account their perception of social pressure to perform, control over this behaviour and moral obligation.     

风险偏好与框架效应对大学生职业决策的影响

在应用Hsee等设计的风险偏好水平问卷对46名大学生进行分组的基础上,通过设计职业决策情境,探究了当代大学生职业决策与其风险偏好、职业方案以及方案的框架性倾向之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）高风险偏好大学生的职业选择倾向明显高于低风险偏好的大学生,尤其对冒险职业方案的选择中,上述趋势最为明显;（2）框架效应存在于大学生职业决策情境中,他们更倾向于选择采用积极口吻表述的职业方案;（3）大学生对冒险、折中、保守三种方案的职业选择倾向有显著地逐渐增大的趋势。     

Sport-Specific Practice and the Development of Expert Decision-Making in Team Ball Sports

The role of sport-specific practice in the development of decision-making expertise in the sports of field hockey, netball, and basketball was examined. Fifteen expert decision-makers and 13 experienced non-expert athletes provided detailed information about the quantity and type of sport-specific and other related practice activities they had undertaken throughout their careers. Experts accumulated more hours of sport-specific practice from the age of 12 years onwards than did non-experts, spending on average some 13 years and 4,000 hours on concentrated sport-specific practice before reaching international standard. A significant negative correlation existed between the number of additional activities undertaken and the hours of sport-specific training required before attaining expertise, suggesting a functional role for activities other than sport-specific training in the development of expert decision-making.