不同道德评价取向对企业道德决策的预测作用

本研究基于Hunt和Vitell（1986）所提出的市场营销领域的道德通用理论模型,随机选取129名MBA学生为被试,采用Reidenbach和Robin的多维道德量表和情景研究法,旨在考察个体在应对企业决策中的道德问题时,不同道德评价取向对道德决策（整体性道德判断和道德意图阶段）的预测作用。结果表明：1）与对道德判断的单项目测量相比,多维道德量表对道德意图具有高的预测效度;2）道德公平、功利主义和契约主义对整体道德判断具有显著的预测作用;3）道德公平和相对主义对自我和他人道德意图具有显著预测作用。     

胚胎植入前遗传学检测技术应用的伦理争议与现状

就目前胚胎植入前遗传学检测(preimplantation genetic testing,PGT)技术实施过程的各个环节中可能存在的伦理争议、伦理风险以及现状进行描述,结合不断发展的遗传学检测技术分环节剖析PGT过程中需要面临的各种伦理争议,并就PGT技术相关伦理争议内容及现有的应对方案及行业共识进行探讨,旨在不断促进PGT技术实施过程中相关伦理争议共识和指南的形成和完善,推动PGT技术在遗传病阻断和出生缺陷防控体系建设中安全规范实施。

     

Research on familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (FCJD) resulting in presymptomatic testing: Implications for the human genome project

A research study to identify the priori gene mutation in a family with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (FCJD) evolved into presymptomatic diagnostic testing. Our experience with one case raises concerns regarding similar studies that will ensue as a result of the Human Genome Project. Technological advances in human molecular genetics make it difficult for Institutional Review Boards (IRB) to adequately evaluate proposed studies. Additionally, changes in the implications of the study may occur after initial IRB approval, due to technological progress. While FCJD, like Huntington's disease (HD), has adult onset and causes progressive dementia and ataxia, protocols established for presymptomatic testing of HD were not included in the FCJD study design. It is thus recommended that IRB committees include a genetics professional and that IRB-approved research studies be reevaluated on a regular basis to monitor the impact that technological advances may have on participating human subjects.     

从基因伦理论争看新型基因伦理学构建之必要性

基因技术在医学领域的应用使原有的生命伦理学面临极大张力。危及人性、人的尊严与自由是以哈贝马斯为首的反对基因强化和自由优生人士的主要关切;而支持者却以人性并不固定而且人性也应进化为自己辩护。基因伦理学实体论和主观论哲学观都面临着理论失灵的困境。前瞻性新型基因伦理学应该直面基因技术的挑战, 从全人类福祉出发, 努力促成基因伦理学普适性规范的制定, 加强对基因技术的国际监管, 并对基因技术进行全人类、全局性、全过程的伦理审查。     

Professional preparation of individuals who provide genetic counseling services

An unprecedented increase has occurred in demand for genetic counseling services during the current decade. This study examined the complex issue of who currently provides genetic counseling services and the professional preparation of these personnel. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 325 genetic counseling professionals in the southeastern United States who were members of the Southeast Regional Genetics Group (SERGG), National Society of Genetic Counselors, or American Society of Human Genetics States; 204 completed the questionnaire (63%). Seventy percent of respondents were female and 30% were male. Thirty percent of respondents held MD degrees; nine physicians held PhD degrees. Most physicians were male. Thirty-two percent of respondents held master's degrees in genetic counseling; five counselors held PhD degrees. Twenty-three percent of respondents were nurses; eight nurses held master's degrees. Three percent of respondents were social workers. Individuals with other degrees, such as an associate of science in medical technology and a doctoral degree in education, also provided genetic counseling. Genetic counseling typically involved a team effort, consisting mainly of physicians and genetic counselors. Most respondents reported college coursework in human genetics, supervised training, and seminar/workshop training. Thirty percent reported college coursework in counseling techniques, supervised training, and seminar/workshop training. Policy recommendations are offered concerning professional preparation of genetic counselors.     

2008 Revision of the Chinese Code of Ethical Use of Psychological Tests and Its Implementation Status

In response to the rapidly increasing application and abuse of psychological tests in China, the Psychometrics Division of the Chinese Psychological Society published the 2008 revisions of the Chinese Code of Ethical Use of Psychological Tests. We investigated the implementation status of the code 2½ years after its promulgation. Sample included 284 psychological professionals and psychology graduate students. The average accuracy rate for the appropriate use of psychological tests was 67.1% (range = 25.5–97.5%), with 10 items having accuracy rates below 45%. Participants remained uncertain about the clients' rights to information about the purpose, psychometric properties, and scores of the tests. The most frequent violations involved “using psychological tests without psychometric information for entertainment purposes” and “using SCL-90 to measure mental health of normal people.”     

Ethical decision-making in research: Identifying all competing interests

Ethical dilemmas are the result of conflicts between potential benefits or harms for two or more competing interests. Therefore, ethical decision-making implies a responsibility to identify those interests, harms, and benefits. For this purpose, researchers have responsibilities to the research, the subjects of research, other researchers, the institution, society, the environment, and self.     

Strategies in Forecasting Outcomes in Ethical Decision-Making: Identifying and Analyzing the Causes of the Problem

This study examined the role of key causal analysis strategies in forecasting and ethical decision-making. Undergraduate participants took on the role of the key actor in several ethical problems and were asked to identify and analyze the causes, forecast potential outcomes, and make a decision about each problem. Time pressure and analytic mindset were manipulated while participants worked through these problems. The results indicated that forecast quality was associated with decision ethicality, and the identification of the critical causes of the problem was associated with both higher quality forecasts and higher ethicality of decisions. Neither time pressure nor analytic mindset impacted forecasts or ethicality of decisions. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

The Role of Decision-Making Models and Reflection in Navigating Ethical Dilemmas

The ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2014) mandates counselor competency in using ethical decision-making models (EDMs) and mandates that counselors use an EDM when confronted with making ethical decisions. Additionally, researchers have highlighted the importance of counselors continually evaluating and reflecting when faced with ethical dilemmas and working through a decision-making model. Using a phenomenological research design, the authors examined how counselors address ethical dilemmas, including how reflection and EDMs are incorporated into the decision-making process. Emergent themes from data analysis include (a) incomplete following of EDMs, (b) varied dilemmas, (c) power, and (d) ethics training.     

临床护士伦理决策能力研究现状

符合伦理的护理决策能够让护理实践更加充满温度,护士在临床工作中具有做出良好决策的能力是提供高质量护理和确保护理活动合乎道德的关键。从临床伦理决策能力相关评估工具、伦理决策能力的国内外研究现状与影响因素以及有效干预策略三个方面进行综述,通过梳理测量伦理决策能力工具的发展、比较国内外最新的研究情况及其影响因素, 分析各项干预措施,以期让相关科研人员重视这一问题,为我国提升护理伦理决策能力提供更多新的研究思路。

     

医疗技术评估与决策中风险−获益分析方法的伦理反思

将经济学领域常用的风险−获益分析方法应用在医疗技术领域,为医疗技术评估与决策提供借鉴和指导。然而,从伦理学角度对这一方法进行审视,会发现存在诸多难以定义和应对的困境。按照其属性划分,这些困境大致可以划分为风险−获益分析本身的伦理问题和根据风险−获益分析作出决策所产生的伦理问题两条脉络。对于风险−获益分析中伦理问题的探讨并不是为了束缚医疗技术的应用,而是着眼于技术长期发展与更好地服务人类的目的,尊重人之为人的价值和人与人的平等。

     

迎接21世纪生命科学的新时代：———基因组与蛋白组计划时代

当全世界人类基因组计划在近年取得迅速和突出的进展,即将来临床的２１世纪将带领人类基因组计,划进入一个基基因组时代、蛋白组计划、生物信息学的新时代,所有这些将构成２１世纪生命科学研究的核心前沿和主流。同亲,生物信息学的成果将高度地拓展生命科学新的研究领域和加速其研究的里程。多种多样数以千万计的生命模式（如生物大分子结构功能的模式）的数字化,将是加快生命科学信息化步入一个崭新的水平和时代的必由之路。     

The Effects of Note-Taking and Review on Sensemaking and Ethical Decision Making

The effectiveness of case-based learning in ethics education varies widely regarding how cases are presented. Case process instruction may impact case-based ethics education to promote sensemaking processes, ethical sensemaking strategy use, and ethical decision making (EDM) quality. This study examined two teaching techniques, notes and review, and participants completed note-taking and review activities examining a case-based scenario during an ethics education course. Results suggest that providing case notes in outline form improves sensemaking processes, strategy use, and EDM quality. In addition, combining processes of provided notes and passive review results in incremental, additive performance via certain ethical sensemaking strategies and EDM quality.     

Implicit Mental Processes in Ethical Management Behavior

This article examines the relationship between implicit mental processes and ethical decisions made by managers. Based on the dual-process view in social and cognitive psychology, it is argued that social cognition (e.g., moral judgments) can rely on two different modes of information processing. On one hand, moral judgments reflect explicit, conscious, and extensive cognitive processes, which are attributed to explicit attitude. On the other hand, moral judgments may also be based on implicit, automatic, and effortless processes referring to implicit attitude. To test this thesis, a study involving 182 participants was conducted. The results support the thesis.     

智能医学算法决策的伦理困境及风险规制

智能医学呈现出难追溯性、不公平性、过程难以理解性、结果不确定性和数据驱动性的技术特征。上述特征与诊疗场景特性的融合交叠可能诱发医生主体地位被削弱、医患信任危机、医疗资源分配不均加剧以及诊疗结果不确定性增加等风险。为有效防范智能算法的决策风险,在智能医学应用中必须遵循以强化医生主体地位为根本出发点,以降低医患信任危机为主导,以平衡资源分配为方向和以增加诊疗结果确定性为目标的伦理规制。

     

基因检测与治疗中若干问题的伦理学思考

随着基因组学的发展,临床医学中出现了基因检测与基因治疗的新方法,伴随着基因技术的临床应用出现了一些伦理、法律和社会新问题,迫使人们从理论和观念层次加以考察并探讨解决问题的可能性途径,对基因检测和基因治疗中出现或可能出现的伦理学问题进行了初步探讨,结合国际人类基因组计划的有关规范,探索了解决问题的可能性途径。     

Professional Ethical Issues and the Development of Professional Ethical Standards in Counseling and Clinical Psychology in China

This article aims to summarize the current ethical issues in the field of clinical and counseling psychology and the process of developing professional ethical standards in China. First, through a review of the history of counseling and psychotherapy in China, general background information is provided. Important ethical issues are then discussed based on the results from several empirical studies. Finally, the process of developing the new edition of the Chinese Psychological Society Code of Ethics for Clinical and Counseling Psychology, the main contents as well as the considerations taken into account in the development of this code are presented.     

合成生物学伦理问题研究态势分析

合成生物学以创造新型生物为目标,这一领域的飞速发展在给人类带来巨大福祉的同时,也陆续引发众多伦理问题。利用VOSviewer等科学计量工具对国内外合成生物学伦理领域2000年~2019年近20年的相关研究文献进行量化分析,通过对时间分布、地域分布、关键词共现、研究方向等数据的系统分析,进一步对国内外学者、专家的应用研究成果与伦理思考进行总结概括,并对合成生物学伦理问题的研究趋势提出展望,以图廓清国内外合成生物学伦理问题研究的发展态势。     

后基因组时代的医学发展

1990年,美国正式启动“人类基因组计划”。随着这项工程成果的不断取得,人类即将进入利用、使用“人类基因组计划”成果的“后基因组时代”。在这个时代,基因芯片和基因工程技术将被广泛地使用在医学科学中,给医学科学的发展带来一场深刻的革命。同时医学科学也将面临着前所未有的冲突和抉择。充分认识这些问题,对寻求现实医学科学的发展途径具有重要的启示意义。     

Ethical issues in genetic counseling: A comparison of M.S. counselor and medical geneticist perspectives

New technologies available in the field of medical genetics have increased the importance of responsible ethical decision-making among genetic counselors. A 1985 national survey of M.D. and Ph.D. genetic counselors assessed ethical attitudes using case scenarios designed to simulate dilemmas faced in genetic counseling (Wertz and Fletcher, 1988b). The current study focuses on attitudes of M.S. genetic counselors using similar scenarios, allowing for effective comparisons. M.S. counselors were more willing than M.D. and Ph.D. counselors to maintain patient confidentiality when screening for Huntington's Disease and occupational diseases, and a greater number would agree to counsel patients pursuing prenatal testing for sex selection. A majority of M.S. counselors would disclose an XY karyotype to a phenotypically female patient. M.S. counselors reasoned that respect for patient autonomy and patient confidentiality justified their decisions in many cases. The importance of these principles is discussed and questioned.