创伤事件的痛苦程度对创伤后成长的影响：核心信念挑战的作用

采用创伤事件终身经历问卷—学生版、核心信念量表、创伤后成长评定量表,对3所大学进行问卷调查,探索具体创伤事件痛苦程度与创伤后成长(PTG)的关系,并检验核心信念挑战在其中的中介作用。结果发现：(1)家人患病或死亡类的创伤事件痛苦程度可负向预测PTG,并以核心信念挑战为中介;(2)目睹他人或自身相关的创伤事件痛苦程度和自身受虐待类的创伤事件痛苦程度可正向预测PTG,并以核心信念挑战为中介;(3)自然灾害类的创伤事件痛苦程度和家庭冲突类的创伤事件痛苦程度与核心信念挑战和PTG都无显著相关。因此不同领域的创伤事件痛苦程度引发创伤后成长的可能性不同。     

创伤暴露程度对中学生创伤后成长的影响——复原力的调节作用

采用修订后的创伤后成长问卷（PTGI）、复原力量表（CD-RISC）以及自编的震后创伤暴露程度调查表对汶川地震后异地复学的166名中学生进行问卷调查,探讨复原力在创伤暴露程度和创伤后成长关系中的调节作用。结果表明：主观害怕程度对创伤后成长有正向预测作用,主观害怕程度越高,创伤后成长的水平越高;复原力对主观害怕程度和创伤后成长之间的关系起增强作用;复原力对房屋损毁和创伤后成长之间的关系有一定的增强作用。     

主动反刍、创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长的关系:一项来自汶川地震后青少年的长程追踪研究

本文以追踪研究的方式, 在汶川地震后3.5年、4.5年和5.5年三个时间点, 采用反刍问卷、创伤后应激障碍问卷和创伤后成长问卷对汶川地震后245名中学生进行调查。通过建立交叉滞后模型, 考察主动反刍、创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长的相互作用关系。结果发现, 震后3.5~5.5年间, 创伤后应激障碍对主动反刍具有跨时间点的正向预测作用, 主动反刍对创伤后应激障碍跨时间点的预测作用不显著;主动反刍与创伤后成长之间存在跨时间点的相互正向预测关系;创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长之间跨时间点的直接预测作用不显著, 但震后3.5年的创伤后应激障碍可以通过震后4.5年的主动反刍间接地正向预测震后5.5年的创伤后成长;创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长的横断关系随着时间历程的变化而逐渐减弱。     

“创伤后成长”--理解癌症患者的一个新视角

“创伤后成长”是积极心理学的一个新概念,指个体在与创伤性事件或情境进行抗争后体验到的心理上的正性变化。研究发现癌症患者在经历苦难的同时,也会产生创伤后成长,表现在对新的可能性、与他人关系、生活感恩、个人优势等方面的新感知和精神领域的改变。创伤后成长与患者年龄及心理痛苦水平负相关,与受教育水平、家庭收入、积极应对方式、情绪表达和社会支持正相关。这些结果给临床护理的提示是,重视患者的内在潜能,鼓励患者以积极的应对方式、外化的情绪表达来缓解心理痛苦,通过提供充分的社会支持促进其成长,提高患者抗癌的内在力量。     

创伤后成长的促进因素、模型及干预

创伤后成长(Post-traumatic Growth, PTG)是指人们在经历了严重的压力性生活事件或创伤性事件后, 由于对抗压力所引起心理的积极变化。本研究对国外创伤后成长进行归纳概括, 论述了促进创伤后成长的影响因素, 如人格特质、社会支持、益处寻求和意义建构。此外, 归纳了基于不同视角的PTG模型, 提出了促进PTG的干预策略, 针对PTG实证研究中某些相关变量的测量问题提出改进意见。未来应着重于开展具备多个评估点的纵向研究, 建构适用于不同人群的PTG理论模型。     

脑卒中患者创伤后成长及其影响因素分析

探讨脑卒中患者创伤后成长状况及其影响因素.对200(190例有效)例脑卒中患者进行问卷调查.190例脑卒中患者中,创伤后成长在年龄、经济收入、诊断类型、患病时间、后遗症状、自觉痛苦程度及性格类型方面有差异.创伤后成长与社会支持呈正相关、与应对方式中面对呈正相关,回避呈负相关.多重线性回归分析显示,脑率中患者的创伤后成长与患病时间、年龄、自觉痛苦程度、内向性格、社会支持及面对有关.脑卒中患者创伤后成长状况与多种因素有关,应从多维度、多角度进行干预来改善患者的负性体验,以促进其身心康复.     

情绪性人格对青少年创伤后成长的影响：应对方式的中介作用和社会支持的调节作用

汶川地震两年后,采用小五人格问卷、应对方式问卷、社会支持问卷和创伤后成长问卷对497名中学生进行调查,探讨青少年创伤后成长与情绪性人格、应对方式和社会支持的关系。结果显示：（1）青少年创伤后成长的年龄、性别差异不显著;青少年创伤后成长的三个维度之间存在显著差异：人际体验的改变分值最高,其次是自我觉知的改变,得分最低的为生命价值的改变;（2）积极应对方式在情绪性人格与创伤后成长之间起完全中介作用,消极应对方式则不发挥直接的中介作用;（3）情绪性人格与创伤后成长之间的中介效应受到社会支持的调节,低社会支持组的个体情绪性人格越高,越容易采取积极认知、寻求支持等积极的应对方式,从而产生更高的创伤后成长。     

青少年核心信念挑战对创伤后成长的影响：反刍与社会支持的作用

采用核心信念问卷、反刍问卷、社会支持问卷和创伤后成长问卷, 以汶川地震4年半后的354名中学生为被试, 考察其核心信念挑战、侵入性反刍、主动反刍、社会支持与创伤后成长之间的关系。结果发现, 地震4年半后青少年创伤后成长的整体水平较高, 其中女生高于男生, 初二学生相对低于高年级学生。结构方程模型的结果显示, 侵入性反刍和主动反刍在核心信念挑战与创伤后成长之间起部分中介作用, 核心信念挑战可以直接正向预测创伤后成长, 也可以通过侵入性反刍对创伤后成长起负向预测作用、通过主动反刍对创伤后成长起正向预测作用、通过侵入性反刍经主动反刍正向预测创伤后成长; 社会支持在侵入性反刍影响创伤后成长的直接路径上不起调节作用, 但在侵入性反刍经主动反刍对创伤后成长的间接路径上起调节作用, 具体表现为侵入性反刍对主动反刍的正向预测作用随着社会支持的增加而降低。     

汶川地震三年半后中学生的感恩对创伤后成长的影响:社会支持的中介作用

采用感恩问卷、社会支持问卷和创伤后成长问卷对汶川地震三年半后的376名中学生进行调查,考察其感恩与社会支持对创伤后成长的影响,并检验社会支持在感恩与创伤后成长之间的中介作用。结果发现:(1)灾后中学生的创伤后成长水平较高,其中自我觉知的改变与人际体验的改变水平高于生命价值观的改变水平,女生人际体验的改变水平高于男生,初一学生的创伤后成长水平相对低于高年级学生;(2)感恩和社会支持可显著地正向预测创伤后成长;(3)社会支持在感恩与创伤后成长之间起着部分中介作用。这表明,汶川地震三年半后中学生的感恩可以直接正向预测创伤后成长,也可通过社会支持正向影响创伤后成长。     

乳腺癌患者“创伤后成长”的研究进展

近年来,乳腺癌的发病率不断上升,乳腺癌已逐渐成为危害女性健康的首位恶性肿瘤。手术给患者的身心带来很大伤害,但研究者发现,在与乳腺癌这一疾病做斗争的过程中患者会产生一种正向的心理变化,这就是积极心理学领域研究的创伤后成长。本文从创伤后成长内涵、国内外研究现状、测量工具、影响因素、干预方法等几方面对乳腺癌创伤后成长研究现状进行文献综述,为乳腺癌患者心理护理提供依据。     

Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms Predict Posttraumatic Growth: A Longitudinal Study

Although posttraumatic growth (PTG) has received growing attention, the relationship between PTG and distress remains unclear. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and PTG. Israeli veterans were followed over 17 years using self-report questionnaires of OC symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and PTG. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that OC symptoms predicted PTG, even when initial PTG levels and PTSD symptoms were controlled for in the combatants group. These preliminary findings suggest that OC symptoms may play an important role in facilitating psychological growth. Future research is warranted to explore the mechanisms responsible for this relationship.     

Attentional bias toward emotional stimuli in accidentally injured Chinese patients with different posttraumatic growth levels

Extensive evidence has been obtained that supports an association between an attentional bias (AB) toward negative stimuli and vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology, little is known regarding the characteristics of individual AB in different posttraumatic growth (PTG) levels. The current study used a modified dot-probe task to investigate if individual differences in AB towards either positive or negative emotional stimuli, are related to self-reported PTG. A sample of 202 patients completed the experiment. Patients with low levels of PTG did not exhibit AB toward negative or positive stimuli, patients with medium levels of PTG had difficulty disengaging attention from negative stimuli, patients with high levels of PTG had difficulty disengaging attention from positive stimuli. And the AB towards positive stimuli was only predictive for PTG. An implication of this finding is that there are different characteristics of implicit cognitive processing in patients with different levels of PTG, suggesting the necessity of psychological intervention on the accidentally injured patients.     

Pathways for psychological adjustment in breast cancer: A longitudinal study on coping strategies and posttraumatic growth

This longitudinal study examined the role of coping strategies and posttraumatic growth (PTG) on the psychological adjustment to breast cancer trajectory. The participants were 50 women assessed at the time of surgery (T1), during adjuvant treatment (T2) and six months after the end of treatment (T3). Women completed questionnaires assessing coping strategies, PTG and psychological adjustment (psychological quality of life, anxiety and depression). Results showed that the greatest impact of breast cancer on women's adjustment occurred at T1, when patients were significantly more anxious than in the other phases of the disease. The type of surgery and adjuvant treatment did not account for the course of PTG and adjustment. Coping through seeking social support and using cognitive strategies at T1 were linked to psychological quality of life and depression at T3 via PTG dimension of personal resources and skills at T2. Findings emphasise the value of promoting adaptive coping strategies and PTG in order to improve psychological adjustment in breast cancer patients.     

Posttraumatic Growth and Sexual Violence: A Literature Review

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is the positive psychological growth that a person might experience after enduring a traumatic event. PTG is a relatively new area of research identified by researchers because it represents a shift in thinking. Rather than focusing on the negative consequences of trauma, it explores the potential for positive outcomes associated with trauma. Although PTG is well documented across different types of traumas, it is unclear how this kind of growth stems from sexual violence, specifically. This review provides an overview of the literature concerning PTG that is associated with sexual violence. Results across the literature indicate that sexual violence is consistently associated with PTG. However, given the inconsistency in research designs, assessment, and operational definitions used to study PTG, many researchers suggest that it might be difficult to determine how and when PTG occurs. This study provides a literature review of the research on PTG in the aftermath of sexual violence. Important implications for future directions and trauma-based therapy are discussed and include the identification of relevant predictors, the importance of context, and how service providers might benefit from a better understanding of PTG.     

创伤后成长：5·12地震创伤的新视角

创伤后成长是人们与主要的生活危机斗争后所体验到的一种积极的心理改变。对此概念的认识存在着结果与策略、建设功能与幻想功能、认知成分与行为成分的争论。对它的解释模型包括经历困难的力量、心理准备和存在的再评价。而它与心理健康的关系仍存在争议。建议此领域的研究应从概念澄清入手,开展过程研究和纵向研究,建立行为指标,关注其临床应用,进行本土化研究,并为5·12震后心理重建工作提供新的思路     

Variables Related to Posttraumatic Growth in Turkish Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, deteriorative disease, which can cause great psychological distress. Although RA has negative psychological consequences, it may also lead to positive changes, which has been given relatively little attention in the research literature. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) has been used to evaluate growth in survivor’s thinking, feeling and/or behavior following the experiencing of traumatic or severely adverse life events. The purpose of the current study was to examine the domains of the PTGI and to identify variables related to Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) in 117 RA patients from Turkey, a secular, Islamic, non-western developing country. Results showed that the PTGI has three domains: relationship with others; philosophy of life; and self-perception. Regression analyses showed that problem-focused coping had significant contributions to the total PTG levels and PTGI domains of relationship with others and self-perception. Perceived social support appeared as a significant associate for the total PTG levels and for all three domains. In addition, age and perceived disease severity were found to be significantly related to some domains of PTG. Clinicians, aiming to increase positive experience of RA patients, may need to focus on and facilitate perceived social support and problem-focused coping to facilitate growth experiences.     

The relation between emotion regulation choice and posttraumatic growth

ABSTRACT

Previous research has examined emotion regulation (ER) and trauma in the context of psychopathology, yet little research has examined ER in posttraumatic growth (PTG), the experience of positive psychological change following a traumatic event. ER typically involves decreasing negative affect by engaging (e.g. reappraisal) or disengaging (e.g. distraction) with emotional content. To investigate how ER may support PTG, participants who experienced a traumatic event in the past 6 months completed a PTG questionnaire and an ER choice task in which they down regulated their negative emotion in response to negative pictures of varying intensity by choosing to distract or reappraise. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that an increase in reappraisal choice from low to high subjective stimulus intensity predicted higher PTG, suggesting that individuals who chose reappraisal more as intensity increased reported higher PTG. Findings suggest that reappraisal of negative stimuli following a traumatic event may be a key component of PTG.     

Psychological Adjustment,Coping, and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth

Abstract

The present study examined factors contributing to reported benefits of traumatic experiences or posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a college sample. Specifically, we examined dimensions typically associated with trauma recovery (i.e., psychological functioning, coping, emotion regulation) and features of the trauma (i.e., number and recency of traumatic events, average, and maximal distress). Participants (N= 193) completed standardized questionnaires measuring these constructs. Results indicated that active coping and subjective well-being independently contributed to PTG, but social desirability and symptom distress were independent of growth. These results were consistent with study expectations. Although not specifically predicted, maximal trauma distress also uniquely predicted PTG. Contrary to expectations, effective emotion regulation did not contribute to PTG.     

Posttraumatic growth following pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality: the predictive role of coping strategies and perinatal grief

Background: Research about termination for fetal abnormality (TFA) suggests that it is a traumatic event with potential negative psychological consequences. However, evidence also indicates that following traumatic events individuals may experience growth. Although TFA’s negative psychological outcomes are well documented, little is known of the potential for growth following this event. Therefore, the study’s objectives were to measure posttraumatic growth (PTG) post-TFA, examine the relationship between PTG, perinatal grief and coping, and determine the predictors of PTG.

Design: An online, retrospective survey was conducted with 161 women.

Methods: Eligible participants were women over 18 who had undergone TFA. Participants were recruited from a support organisation. They completed the Brief COPE, Short Perinatal Grief Scale and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Data were analysed using regression analyses.

Results: Moderate levels of PTG were observed for “relating to others,” “personal strengths” and “appreciation of life.” “Positive reframing” was a significant predictor of PTG. Despite using mainly “adaptive” coping strategies, women’s grief levels were high.

Conclusions: “Adaptive” coping strategies such as, “positive reframing” are relevant to TFA. They may act as protective factors against distress and as foundations for growth, implicating that interventions such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, which aim to reframe women’s experience, may be beneficial.