小学生有意遗忘中认知抑制能力发展的研究

有意遗忘是一种新的关于记忆研究的实验范式．主要探讨个体抑制能力的发展。研究使用的实验材料分为单字和双字词．被试为小学二、四、六年级共90名学生。实验结果发现：①对于两种实验材料单字和双字词,小学生有意遗忘中的认知抑制能力随年级而提高;②小学生对两种材料的抑制能力存在差异,表明小学生在有意遗忘中的抑制能力受材料的意义性和材料难度的影响。     

材料性质对有意遗忘影响的实验研究

以大学生为被试 ,采用字表方式 ,探讨了词语和图片两种材料下的有意遗忘。结果发现 :①被试在词语和图片两种材料下的有意遗忘没有显著差异 ;②对于词语材料 ,被试既对指示记忆的项目进行了更加精细的编码 ,又对指示遗忘的项目产生了抑制 ;③对于图片材料 ,被试只对指示遗忘的项目产生了提取抑制 ,而没有对指示记忆的项目进行有意复述。     

单字法有意遗忘的内部心理机制：基于多项式加工树模型的分析

通过构建使用单个双字词作为实验材料,并在测验阶段全面考察记忆提取过程的MPT模型,考察单字法有意遗忘的心理机制。结果发现,对于TBF/R项目,遗忘组的储存能力和提取能力均弱于记忆组;对于TBR/R项目,遗忘组的储存能力强于记忆组。并且无论对于短时SOA还是长时SOA,遗忘组对TBF项目后探测刺激的反应时都显著长于TBR项目。研究表明,单字法有意遗忘现象是由选择性复述、注意抑制和提取抑制三种机制共同作用的结果。     

小学学习成绩优生与差生有意遗忘中抑制能力的发展研究

有意遗忘是一种探讨个体抑制能力发展的新的记忆研究的实验范式。本研究以单字为实验材料,被试为小学二、四、六年级共90名学生,每个年级的学生按学习成绩好和差分别选取15人。实验结果为:1、小学生有意遗忘中的认知抑制能力是发展的;2、小学生有意遗忘中的认知抑制能力具有明显的个体差异,各年级小学生中学习成绩好的学生抑制能力强,学习成绩差的学生抑制能力弱。     

复述、提取抑制与有意遗忘的实验研究

有意遗忘是关于记忆研究的另一种实验范式,对于在实验中出现的要求遗忘的学习项目的记忆成绩差于要求记忆的项目的结果,目前主人存在着两种理论解释：基于编码的理论和基于提取抑制的理论。该实验运用单字提示方式,采用控制较为严密的补笔测验方法和加入所谓的“无关项”,对有意遗忘的心理过程进行进一步的探讨,实验表明：在单了提示方式下,被试在进行有意遗忘的过程中,既对记忆项进行了有意的复述又对遗忘项产生了提取抑制。     

情绪一致性对有意遗忘的影响

有意遗忘是强调遗忘的有意性和指向性。对负性情绪的有意遗忘有利于个体的身心健康。本研究采用单字范式,实验一以正性、负性和中性情绪词为材料,探讨了情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响。结果发现,三类词语均表现出了显著的有意遗忘效应;实验二在实验一的基础上加入了情绪状态,探讨了情绪状态和情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响,结果发现,在积极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘负性情绪词;在消极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘中性词。表明个体对情绪信息的有意遗忘既受信息的情绪性影响,又受个体情绪状态的影响。     

字表法定向遗忘对内隐记忆测验的影响

字表法定向遗忘是否影响内隐记忆测验,一直是记忆心理学家关注的焦点.本研究选取低频词语作为实验材料,引入指示符变量(记住、遗忘).以词干回忆和词干补笔分别作为外显和内隐记忆测验,考察字表法定向遗忘对内隐记忆测验的影响.结果发现:(1)内隐和外显记忆测验中都出现了显著的字表法定向遗忘效应;(2)字表法定向遗忘效应的机制应该是提取抑制,即要求遗忘的项目在提取时受到抑制而使记住项目的成绩更为突出,而不是偏好对记住项目复述的结果.     

汉语双字词语音关联对错误记忆的影响

研究运用DRM范式,以具有语音关联的汉语双字词为材料,采用2（语音类型）×3（词语类型）被试内实验设计,考察汉语双字词语音关联对错误记忆的影响。结果表明：（1）被试对诱饵词的错误再认率显著高于对填充词的错误再认率,说明汉语双字词语音关联能够诱发错误记忆;（2）双字词表与单字词表引发的语音关联性错误记忆效应相当,小于语义及字形关联的错误记忆效应;（3）尾音关联词表中词语再认率高于首音关联词表。     

有意遗忘中工作记忆容量所起的作用

有意遗忘效应是指要求记忆与遗忘的材料间回忆率的差异。在有意遗忘效应的各种理论解释中,选择性复述和提取抑制理论是最有争议性的两种理论,它们都无法解释全部的有意遗忘效应。文章着重介绍了工作记忆领域中的定向遗忘效应的研究,讨论了在有限的资源中,注意抑制与有意遗忘效应的关系。     

两种范式下有意遗忘的实验研究

本文以英语词汇为材料,采用自由回忆和再认测验作为外显记忆测验,词干补笔测验作为内隐记忆测验,探讨小学五年级学生在单字范式与字表范式下的有意遗忘效应及其机制。结果发现:(1)单字范式下,三种测验中都存在有意遗忘效应;而字表范式下,只有词干补笔和自由回忆测验中存在有意遗忘效应;(2)三种测验中,单字范式下记忆项与遗忘项的差异显著高于字表范式下二者的差异。这表明,两种范式下有意遗忘效应产生的机制是不一致的,且相较于字表范式,单字范式下有意遗忘效应更显著。     

Repetition effects in directed forgetting: evidence for retrieval inhibition

Four experiments were conducted in support of a role for memory retrieval inhibition in directed forgetting. In each experiment, subjects were presented a list of words, some of which they were instructed to remember and some of which they were instructed to forget. After a recall test for all the words, the list was repeated. This time, however, all the words were presented with instructions that they be remembered. The improvement in recall from Trial 1 to Trial 2 was greater for the “forget” (F) words than for the “remember” (R) words. This difference was not due to a memorization-difficulty, item-selection effect (Experiment 2), a differential priority for rehearsal or output position given to the F items on Trial 2 (Experiment 3), or the greater number of F items left to be learned after Trial 1 (Experiment 4). Thus, the differential improvement from List 1 to List 2 for the F items was interpreted as a release of retrieval inhibition owing to the change in cue from forget to remember.     

高低创造性思维水平者定向遗忘效应的差异研究

采用单字法定向遗忘范式,考察远距离联想任务得分高低者在中性和负性词语定向遗忘效应上的差异,来探讨创造性思维水平高低与主动抑制的关系。实验采用2(高/低创造性思维水平)×2(中性/负性词汇)×2(记住/忘记指令)×2(2s/5s时间间隔)混合设计,发现高低创造力组,在材料不同呈现时间下,对不同情绪材料的定向遗忘效应分别不同。低创者在2s和5s以及高创者在5s时间间隔时,均对中性词语表现出定向遗忘效应,而对负性词汇没有表现出明显的定性遗忘效应。高创者在2s时间间隔下,对中性和负性词语均表现出定向遗忘效应。结果表明较短时间内高创者对负性情绪的主动抑制能力优于低创者。     

Retrieval practice can eliminate list method directed forgetting

It has recently been shown that retrieval practice can reduce memories’ susceptibility to interference, like retroactive and proactive interference. In this study, we therefore examined whether retrieval practice can also reduce list method directed forgetting, a form of intentional forgetting that presupposes interference. In each of two experiments, subjects successively studied two lists of items. After studying each single list, subjects restudied the list items to enhance learning, or they were asked to recall the items. Following restudy or retrieval practice of list 1 items, subjects were cued to either forget the list or remember it for an upcoming final test. Experiment 1 employed a free-recall and Experiment 1 a cued-recall procedure on the final memory test. In both experiments, directed forgetting was present in the restudy condition but was absent in the retrieval-practice condition, indicating that retrieval practice can reduce or even eliminate this form of forgetting. The results are consistent with the view that retrieval practice enhances list segregation processes. Such processes may reduce interference between lists and thus reduce directed forgetting.     

Item-Cued Directed Forgetting of Related Words and Pictures in Children and Adults: Selective Rehearsal Versus Cognitive Inhibition

The main purpose of this study was to compare the relative importance of selective rehearsal and cognitive inhibition in accounting for developmental changes in the directed-forgetting paradigm developed by R. A. Bjork (1972). In two experiments, children in Grades 2 and 5 and college students were asked to remember some words or pictures and to forget others when items were categorically related. Their memory for both items and the associated remember or forget cues was then tested with recall and recognition. Fifth graders recognized more of the forget-cued words than college students did. The pattern of results suggested that age differences in rehearsal and source monitoring (i.e., remembering whether a word had been cued remember or forget) were better explanatory mechanisms for children's forgetting inefficiencies than retrieval inhibition was. The results are discussed in terms of a multiple process view of inhibition.     

Item-cued directed forgetting of related words and pictures in children and adults: selective rehearsal versus cognitive inhibition

The main purpose of this study was to compare the relative importance of selective rehearsal and cognitive inhibition in accounting for developmental changes in the directed-forgetting paradigm developed by R. A. Bjork (1972). In two experiments, children in Grades 2 and 5 and college students were asked to remember some words or pictures and to forget others when items were categorically related. Their memory for both items and the associated remember or forget cues was then tested with recall and recognition. Fifth graders recognized more of the forget-cued words than college students did. The pattern of results suggested that age differences in rehearsal and source monitoring (i.e., remembering whether a word had been cued remember or forget) were better explanatory mechanisms for children's forgetting inefficiencies than retrieval inhibition was. The results are discussed in terms of a multiple process view of inhibition.     

Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: a link with posthypnotic amnesia

Certain reliable findings from research on directed forgetting seem difficult to accommodate in terms of the theoretical processes, such as selective rehearsal or storage differentiation, that have been put forward to account for directed-forgetting phenomena. Some kind of "missing mechanism" appears to be involved. In order to circumvent the methodological constraints that have limited the conclusions investigators could draw from past experiments, a new paradigm is introduced herein that includes a mixture of intentional and incidental learning. With this paradigm, a midlist instruction to forget the first half of a list was found to reduce later recall of the items learned incidentally as well as those learned intentionally. This result suggests that a cue to forget can lead to a disruption of retrieval processes as well as to the alteration of encoding processes postulated in prior theories. The results also provide a link between intentional forgetting and the literature on posthypnotic amnesia, in which disrupted retrieval has been implicated. With each of these procedures, the information that can be remembered is typically recalled out of order and often with limited recollection for when the information had been presented. It therefore was concluded here that retrieval inhibition plays a significant role in nonhypnotic as well as in hypnotic instances of directed forgetting. The usefulness of retrieval inhibition as a mechanism for memory updating was also discussed.