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An index is proposed to measure the extent of agreement of the data of a sociometric test with another test made at an earlier time or on another test criterion. The index is used to define an index of concordancebetween the two tests. It is shown how the index may be used for either individuals or groups. Tests of the hypothesis that agreement is random are given for all cases and applied to an example.Work done under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research. 相似文献
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We examined the influence of external recommendations on memory attributions. In two experiments, participants were led to
believe that they were viewing the responses of two prior students to the same memoranda they were currently judging. However,
they were not informed of the reliability of these fictive sources of cues or provided with performance feedback as testing
proceeded. Experiment 1 demonstrated improvement in the presence of reliable source cues (75% valid), as compared to uncued
recognition, whereas performance was unaltered in the presence of random cues provided by an unreliable source (50% valid).
Critically, participants did not ignore the unreliable source, but instead appeared to restrict cue use from both sources
to low-confidence trials on which internal evidence was highly unreliable. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants continued
to treat an unreliable source as potentially informative even when it was predominantly incorrect (25% valid), highlighting
severe limitations in the ability to adequately discount unreliable or deceptive sources of memory cues. Thus, under anonymous
source conditions, observers appear to use a low-confidence outsourcing strategy, wherein they restrict reliance on external
cues to situations of low confidence. 相似文献
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Reysen MB 《Memory (Hove, England)》2005,13(1):87-94
Schneider and Watkins (1996) demonstrated that participants' recognition performance can be affected by responses generated by a confederate. However, it remains uncertain whether the confederate's responses actually change the participants' memories or whether participants simply attempt to conform to the confederate. The present experiments examined this issue by having participants complete a final individual recognition test following a recognition test in which the participants worked with a virtual confederate. The results suggest that responses from virtual confederates affect participants' performance in ways similar to actual confederates and that conforming to a virtual confederate's responses does appear to result in actual deficits in memory. More specifically, it impairs participants' ability to correctly recognise material presented earlier. 相似文献
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目的:从众可分成两种,即信息性从众行为和规范性从众,探讨它们两者之间的区别。方法:通过瑞文智力测验为材料创造了这两种从众情境,观察大学生被试在两种实验条件下的行为差异。结果:信息性从众和社会规范性从众两者之间存在显著差异(Z=-3.183,P=0.001)。结论:大学生被试的信息性从众行为多于社会规范性从众行为,两者存在统计学上的显著性差异。 相似文献
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G I Schulman 《Sociometry》1967,30(1):26-40
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Exposure to another’s account of a shared event can influence the content of an individual’s memory report. We examine whether the emotionality of the to-be-remembered information influences the likelihood that socially encountered post-event information is accepted into memory. Participants were exposed to positive, negative or neutral emotional pictures. Subsequently, they had to discriminate these pictures from new pictures in a ‘yes/no’ recognition decision either before or subsequent to a confederate providing misinformation, accurate or no information. Post-event information influenced participants’ responding in the recognition test. Effects were larger for participants viewing neutral items and persisted for these items on a subsequent private source monitoring test. These findings indicate that people rely more on information from others when encountering non-emotional compared to emotional items. We suggest that increased memory strength in conjunction with access to strong retrieval cues in the recognition test serves to shield emotional items from vulnerability to effects of memory conformity. 相似文献
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The present study sought to investigate the correlates of conformity among two South African and an Australian sample. Employing paper and pencil measures, the following were found to be significant correlates of conformity across the three various groups: Conformers generally have a low level of education, are characterised by their authoritarian attitudes, but do not have authoritarian personalities as measured by the Ray (1976) Directiveness scale. Conformers can be of either sex. By contrast, self-esteem and patriotism were found to be unique correlates, that is, they reflect the cultural milieu of the individual. 相似文献
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Toshiaki Tasaki Soro Kano Kumiko Yoshitake 《European journal of social psychology》1988,18(3):281-286
The purpose of this study is to examine how external conformity affect internal conformity in the conditions in which the degree of discrepancy between majority opinion and physical reality are different. The 106 subjects were divided into eight groups of 2 (male and female) × 2 (high external conformer and low one) × 2 (large discrepancy and small one). We found the effect of interaction between discrepancy condition and external conformity to internal conformity. 相似文献