Empathie,contagion émotionnelle et coupure par rapport aux émotions : validation d’un test pour repérer et aider des élèves à risque

Our previous research on the prevention of violent behaviors in the school environment led to an investigation of the capacities of students in terms of emotion sharing and regulation. In a previous critical and historical study, we defined empathy in relation to other concepts such as sympathy, personal distress, emotional contagion and what we propose to call “splitting with emotions”. To put into effect this distinction, we designed a test with three components (Coupure/splitting with emotions-Empathie/empathy Contagion/emotional contagion, CEC), the validation of which we present here. Five groups of pupils (total 761) were studied with ages ranging from eight to 17 years and coming from France, Switzerland and Canada. These studies evaluated our CEC test with regard to the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) and other scales measuring self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social skills, delinquency and student school achievements. Answers were compared with regards to sex, major school discipline and school results. Empathy is slightly but significantly correlated with school success. Contrary to suggestions in previous studies, however, this cannot be attributed more to female subjects. “Splitting with emotions” is more developed in male subjects and “emotional contagion” is more developed in female students. It is the “splitting with emotions” component which appears to constitute an indirect indicator of the risks of developing violent behaviors.     

Psychologie sociale de la santé et compétences psychosociales en éducation thérapeutique : des enjeux pour la recherche et pour la pratique

The article presents the theoretical-methodological contributions of Social Health Psychology on the evaluation and reinforcement of psychosocial skills in the context of therapeutic patient education. This is illustrated by a synthesis of the results of several empirical researches in the field of pediatric diabetes. This synthesis shows that psychosocial skills are part of a system of actions and interpretations shaped by therapeutic and relational issues as well as social symbolism. Several practical implications emerge from these results for more effective work on the psychosocial skills of patients. The article concludes with the interest of a “psychosocial clinic” which draws on the viewpoint of Social Health Psychology to evaluate, analyze and intervene on the psychosocial determinants of health behaviours.     

Faire parler l’expérience étudiante en orientation pour soutenir la capabilité à s’orienter

The report built by the students to their vocational path has been little studied, whereas it is currently the subject of much political and societal attention. Based on the concepts of capabilities, student experience and life events, the study, conducted by questionnaire, mainly sought to better understand the guidance path lived, of 110 students enrolled in the second year of a degree in psychology in France (objective 1). Mobilizing, in order to compare (objective 2), two methods of textual analysis carried out in double blind, one automatic, other manual, the results show that the enunciation of the events having marked their trajectory and their current questioning in orientation testify of a reflexive activity in link with their capabilities. By mentioning rich past experiences, painful episodes of life, various influences and frequent readjustments, the events mentioned show a certain distance to oneself and a propensity to think about the future in relation to the past. Marked by speeches of uncertainty and fear concerning the capability and identity aspects, the academic choices to be made and the future vocational integration to be carried out, the student questions are mainly part of a short temporality. Capacitive devices in vocational guidance are discussed and extensions of analysis and research outlined.     

La formation dans l’enseignement de la psychologie pour les étudiants de cycle supérieur : les compétences essentielles pour les nouveaux enseignants

What pedagogical skills are necessary for first-time college instructors? Ninety-two faculty (M = 41.3 years old, 68% female, 90.2% white, 91% born in the US) and 64 graduate students (M = 28.3 years old, 83% female, 87.5% white, 81% born in the US) listed the top three skills they believed were essential to instructors’ success in the college classroom. Despite differing levels of classroom teaching experience, graduate students and faculty members prioritized “survival” skills: public speaking, organization, and content mastery. Notable differences did emerge: faculty members were more likely to list reflection on teaching and graduate students were more likely to list classroom management and comfort with technology. Faculty also preferred more informal training methods (e.g., self-reflection, mentorship), whereas graduate students preferred more formal training methods (e.g., practice/experience, seminar/workshop). Recommendations for graduate teacher training programs include a focus on lower as well as higher-level skills and an attempt to incorporate formal and informal training methods.     

Recommandations de l’ITC pour la traduction et l’adaptation de tests (seconde édition)

The second edition of the ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests was prepared between 2005 and 2015 to improve upon the first edition, and to respond to advances in testing technology and practices. The 18 guidelines are organized into six categories to facilitate their use: pre-condition (3), test development (5), confirmation (4), administration (2), scoring and interpretation (2), and documentation (2). For each guideline, an explanation is provided along with suggestions for practice. A checklist is provided to improve the implementation of the guidelines.     

Gouvernance et éthique cliniques : deux outils complémentaires pour une meilleure coordination des soins et des traitements

“Governance”, “ethics” and “clinical” three words for a same goal: protect the human health. “Corporate governance” must be associated with the new theory of the firm, for which the theory of asymmetric information provides the foundations. Indeed problems of information represent a fundamental change in the prevailing paradigm within economics; they are central to understanding political economy. “Clinical governance”, promoted by the UK government, constitutes an overarching mechanism designed to improve clinical quality in the National Health Service. To the medical establishment, it is a means to improve the quality of medical practice through clinical guidelines. To make a significant impact on the improvement of healthcare quality, the principles of clinical governance must produce synergy by involving professionals in the modernization of the organization. To obtain excellence in heath care, collective actions and shared decision making were essential. In this context, Clinical ethics consultations could provide a structured approach to decision making that could assist heath professional to resolve conflicts or ethical problems that arise in the care of particular patients.     

Intelligence artificielle et médecine : quelles règles éthiques et juridiques pour une IA responsable ?

Combining AI and medicine means talking about the medicine of the future, but even more about improving the quality of care. Its fields of application: predictive medicine, precision medicine, decision support, prevention, computer-assisted surgery, robotic support for the elderly, etc. are all related concerns: the possibility of maintaining human contact with the patient, the explicability of the algorithm - the collection of health data - and the improvement of the health care system. AI applications are already improving the quality of care. Its deployment at the heart of the medicine of the future is in constant evolution. To be acceptable and legitimate, the decisions of any algorithm must be understood and therefore explained. Only a good understanding of the diagnoses and therapies proposed by the AI application will allow doctors to discuss with their patients and to explain the possible alternatives. In the opposite case, the doctor risks to dismiss the use of algorithms because he will not be able to justify the decisions which will pose problems in terms of liability research in particular.     

Les attitudes des élèves envers l’école élémentaire et leur évaluation

Two revised versions of the scale “I Like School” of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), were developed in France upon junior high school pupils and upon fourth and fifth grade level pupils (Psychol Psychométrie 15 (1994) 44–64; Can J Behav Sci 35 (2003b) 50–55). This study presents a validation of an adaptation of these versions of the scale to French elementary school pupils, intitled “Échelle des attitudes des élèves envers l’école élémentaire” (ÉAÉE). Four factors still arise, with an improvement of their internal consistency. Fifth factor is also controlled, named “Funny school, distraction place”. The results indicate acceptable fidelity (internal consistency and test–retest reliability), allow to identify the personal factors, which determine the attitudes towards school and support the convergent validity of the scale.     

Équivalence de la version en français pour le Canada et de la version originale états-unienne de l’Adult Self-Report

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the equivalence of the French-Canadian version of the Adult Self-Report (ASR; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003) to its original English (USA) version. Both the original English version and the newly translated French-Canadian version were administered to 251 bilingual students from four Canadian provinces (Manitoba, New-Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec), with a one to two weeks interval. Correlations varying from 0.72 to 0.87 indicated a high degree of correspondence between the scales of the two versions. Cohen's d calculated using Morris and DeShon's (2002) formula for within-subjects designs indicate that differences between mean scores varied from near-zero (d = 0.01) to small (d = 0.19), and suggest that they are not clinically significant. Ordinal alpha coefficients for the scales of the French-Canadian version varied from 0.66 to 0.96 but are inferior to those of the English version in seven of the eleven scales. Globally, results indicate that the equivalence of the French-Canadian version to the original English version of the ASR is sufficient to recommend its use.     

Variables latentes et propriétés mentales : pour une épistémologie affirmée pragmatiste et réaliste

The reliability of models with latent variables is questioned by different authors: what is the ontology of mental properties? How to integrate the complex of mental processes with latent variables? All these debates raise the question of the legitimacy of latent variables as methodological approach comparatively to new approaches such as Network analysis. By clearly posing the ontological nature of mental properties as emergent properties of mental processes, and by clearly posing a theory of pragmatist and realistic knowledge, our work seeks to show that latent variables are efficient approaches for inferring mental properties.     

Le dégoût dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif,mécanismes, évaluation,implications pour des pistes thérapeutiques

IntroductionAlthough considered a basic emotion, disgust has received little attention from research from the psychology of emotions compared to other emotions such as fear or sadness.Literature findingsMany empirical and experimental data suggest, however, that disgust plays a determining role not only in our ability to adapt to our environment but also in the maintenance and development of certain psychopathological states such as obsessive-compulsive disorders. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the construct of disgust, including its two basic dimensions of disgust and disgust. A first part will be dedicated to the acquisition of disgust in the framework of evaluative and Pavlovian learning, we will then describe in detail the assessment tools available in the literature allowing to evaluate the different dimensions, then we will address the continuum. Experience of disgust, from normal disgust to pathological disgust, and will particularly target its role in dysfunctional obsessions of contamination and emotional distress.DiscussionIf, from a theoretical point of view, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathological disgust reactions improves, the proposals for treatment to mitigate these reactions are rare. New approaches to care will be described to allow the development of empirically based psychological interventions.ConclusionThe recognition of emotional influences beyond anxiety in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) stems from the fundamental importance of a dimensional approach to psychopathology and support. The accumulated data suggest that the inclusion of disgust in the theoretical models of OCD, in particular those with contamination concern, will thus improve our understanding and treatment of this disorder.     

Technologies émergentes et transformations digitales de l’activité : enjeux pour l’activité et la santé au travail

The question of the introduction of emerging technologies and their incessant renewal in organizations basically refers to the place and role that these devices play in activity, as well as how they can affect activity and health at work … Thought as a prospective reflection trying to grasp the logic and the modalities of the digital transformations in progress, the ambition of this paper is: (i) first, identify and characterize the emerging technologies that are deployed in the company; (ii) discuss their impact on the activity and well-being of employees, showing the uses and paradoxical effects that these devices can have on work; and (iii) finally think about the psychosocial function of these devices as potential health and business development operators.     

L’acceptation située des technologies dans et par l’activité : premiers étayages pour une clinique de l’usage

The aim of this paper is to consider that a complementary way to evaluate the acceptance of technology in the work is possible; the acceptance situated. From a critical review of the classical models of acceptability (social and practical) on the one hand, and relying on models of the activity and theories of appropriation on the other hand, we show that it is necessary to insert the ICT in its social thickness, that is to say in a more comprehensive and complex as richer activity system (real). We will discuss the four dimensions to be considered to evaluate this acceptance situated. We also indicate how this approach can become an instrument of the development of activity and can contribute to a process of (re)creation of technical instruments, laying the foundations of what we have named a clinical usage.     

Enjeux éthiques et surdités

Deafness is a particular handicap in that it belongs to medicine on one hand and on the other, it is a cultural object with a language, the sign language, a culture and a world of its own, the “the world of deafness”. This specific position generates ethical challenges that must be discovered in their complexity around three areas: genetic discoveries versus eugenics, early diagnosis in the maternity unit versus the iatrogenic announcement affecting the early relationships and the cochlear implant versus the parents enlightened consent. In the face of the urgency of the medical discourse, the ethical debate can trigger another temporality and another discourse for the deaf child and his parents by defending its clinical singularity…     

Quel engagement organisationnel pour les salariés précaires ? Les leçons d’une étude empirique auprès de travailleurs intérimaires

The aim of this article is to focus on contingent workers’ organizational commitment. A review of literature on contingent workers’ attitudes leads to think that this type of work arrangement is associated with a high level of job insecurity, which is not favourable to organizational commitment. However, empirical studies present very contrasting results. This absence of consensus leads us to propose a research model, which puts the emphasis on the way the temporary workers interpret their job arrangement. The model was tested on 208 temporary help service workers. The results highlight the mediating role of perceived job insecurity on organizational commitment, as well as importance of perceived organizational support (POS).     

Psychologie de la santé et éducation thérapeutique : état des lieux et perspectives

The aim of Patient Education (PE) is to make patients with chronic diseases more autonomous by facilitating their adherence to treatments and improving their quality of life. It is a multidisciplinary and expanding device. This article's aim is to propose a state of play of PE and its perspective in relation to psychology, especially health psychology, as a discipline and a practice. First, the development of PE in its historical context is presented as well as its definition. Then, the place and contribution of health psychology and psychologists in PE is presented. The following points deal with the contributions of research to understand the efficacy of PE, the difficulties that the different professionals face and the place of relatives. Finally, a reflexion about the links between the training of psychologists and the training for PE is proposed.