GP zone formation without quenched-in vacancies in Al–12 wt% Mg alloy

Dissolution of GP zones, formed in aged Al–12?wt%?Mg alloy at ?15 and 24°C, occurs during primary dilatometric and calorimetric tests, but the effect disappears after secondary tests, at low heating and cooling rates (1–2°C/min). After a?new holding at the above temperatures, GP zones again form and β and β′ phases precipitate. The results suggest the formation of GP zones without the presence of quenched-in vacancies.     

Spirituality,Religiousness, and Happiness in Children Aged 8–12 Years

The relation between spirituality and happiness was assessed in 320 children aged 8–12 from public and private (i.e., faith-based) schools. Children rated their own spirituality using the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire and 11 items selected and modified from the Brief Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality which reflected the children’s practices and beliefs. Children’s happiness was assessed using self-reports based on the Oxford Happiness Scale short form, the Subjective Happiness Scale, and a single-item measure. Parents also rated their children’s happiness. Children and parents rated the children’s temperament using the emotionality, activity, and sociability temperament survey. Children’s spirituality, but not their religious practices (e.g., attending church, praying, and meditating), was strongly linked to their happiness. Children who were more spiritual were happier. Spirituality accounted for between 3 and 26% of the unique variance in children’s happiness depending on the measures. Temperament was also a predictor of happiness, but spirituality remained a significant predictor of happiness even after removing the variance associated with temperament. The personal (i.e., meaning and value in one’s own life) and communal (quality and depth of inter-personal relationships) domains of spirituality were particularly good predictors of children’s happiness. These results parallel studies of adult happiness and suggest strategies to enhance happiness in children.     

The Emotional Development Scale: Assessing the Emotional Capacity of 4–12 Year Olds

The practice of assessing children’s emotional development based on a theoretical foundation of attachment theory, developmental psychology, and brain research is fast developing within the field of clinical psychology and family social work. The Emotional Development Scale (EDS) has been developed to assess the current emotional functioning level of 4–12 year olds within the theoretical framework of neuroaffective developmental psychology. Included in the pilot study were eight family treatment centers in Denmark, with 36 families participating. The psychometric investigation included analyses of interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency, while construct validity was analyzed by correlating EDS results between referred and nonreferred groups. The analysis between nonreferred and referred groups was based on the data from the empirical study and a preliminary ad hoc sample from Hogrefe Ltd. (n = 213). We concluded the EDS appears to be a reliable and partially valid tool that could aid in assessing the emotional development of 4–12 year olds. Further research on psychometric properties and clinical application of EDS is needed.     

Resolving Uncertainty About the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale–12: Application of Modern Psychometric Strategies

In this study, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability estimates, item parameters, and differential correlates of the short form of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Carleton, Norton, &; Asmundson, 2007 Carleton, R., Norton, P., &; Asmundson, G. (2007). Fearing the unknown. A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105–117.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) in samples of undergraduate women (n = 387) and men (n = 276) ranging in age from 18 to 49 years (M = 20.20, SD = 3.91). This instrument was designed to measure 2 facets of intolerance of uncertainty—prospective anxiety and inhibitory anxiety—although total scores on the measure are often used. A major objective of this study was to determine the degree to which derivation of total versus subscale scores is empirically permissible. Comparison of a bifactor model to a unidimensional model and a 2-factor correlated traits model indicated that the bifactor model exhibited superior fit to the sample data. This model provided evidence of a strong general intolerance of uncertainty factor that was more reliable and accounted for significantly more common variance than either subscale factor. Examination of the item response theory slope parameters revealed negligible bias in the measure's items across genders. Finally, a series of simultaneous regression analyses was conducted to examine differential correlates of the measure's total scale scores for men and women.     

The relationship between retrospective reports of early child temperament and adjustment at ages 10–12

For 131 highly stressed 4th- to 6th-grade urban children, retrospective parental reports of child temperament along an easy-difficult dimension, for the infancy (ages 0–2) and preschool (ages 2–5) periods, were obtained during in-depth interviews. Parent judgments of an easier temperament in each of the two age periods, and their sum, related consistently and significantly to positive ratings of current child adjustment. The latter reflected both multiple sources (i.e., parents, former teachers, and current teachers) and different aspects of adjustment (e.g., fewer problem behaviors and more competencies).This project was done with support from the William T. Grant Foundation, for which the authors express sincere gratitude. Thanks also to Dwayne D. Jarrell and Bohdan S. Lotyczewski who assisted in the data analyses.     

Phonon–phason coupling in a Mg–Ga–Al–Zn icosahedral quasicrystal

Precise X-ray diffraction measurements have revealed that phonon (conventional) strain is introduced at the phase transition from an icosahedral quasicrystal to its orthorhombic crystal approximant in a Mg–Ga–Al–Zn alloy. From the magnitude of the measured phonon strain, the phonon–phason coupling constant has been evaluated. This constant is approximately ?0.03μ (μ: shear modulus) and it is in good agreement with the result of a theoretical calculation reported previously (W.-J. Zhu and C.L. Henley, Europhys. Lett. 46 748 (1999)). This is the first study that experimentally evaluates the phonon–phason coupling constant in any existing quasicrystalline phase.     

Marianne Horney Eckardt,M.D. February 12, 1913–August 31, 2018

The American Journal of Psychoanalysis -     

Response inhibition difficulties in preterm children aged 9–12 years: Relations with emotion and behavior

Previous studies with children have demonstrated inhibition difficulties associated with prematurity, but the question of potentially catching up with a delay in inhibition processes before adolescence still remains. Moreover, preterm adolescents are more at risk than their term-born peers for presenting behavioral problems such as emotional difficulties and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In addition to examining response inhibition, this study addressed, for the first time, the impact of an emotional context on response inhibition abilities and its relation to behavioral problems in late school-aged preterm children. Fifty-eight preterm children aged 9–12 years were compared with 61 controls on two versions of a stop-signal task, the Delay Frustration Task, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results showed general difficulties in inhibiting a response, rather than a specific impact of emotional context in preterm children. Compared with controls, these children exhibited more and longer button presses in a delay situation, as well as faster go reaction times associated with lower probability of inhibition in the stop-signal tasks. These difficulties reflected impulsivity and were associated with higher hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems. Additionally, intrauterine growth restriction was found to be an additional perinatal risk factor for hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. These findings suggest that remaining inhibition difficulties in the preterm population at preadolescence could reveal increasing behavioral issues.     

Quadriceps-hamstrings intermuscular coherence during single-leg squatting 3–12 years following a youth sport-related knee injury

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of co-contraction as per electromyographic gamma-band intermuscular coherence of the quadricep (Q) and hamstring (H) muscles during single-leg squatting (SLS), and to assess the influence of sex and self-reported knee complaints on the association between knee injury history and medial and lateral Q-H intermuscular coherence.Participants included 34 individuals who suffered a youth sport-related intra-articular knee injury 3–12 years previously, and 37 individuals with no knee injury history. Surface electromyographic signals were recorded from medial and lateral thigh muscles bilaterally to determine the gamma-band (30–60 Hz) intermuscular coherence between medial and lateral Q-H muscle pairs during SLS. Multivariable linear regression (α = 0.05) was performed to investigate the relationship between knee injury history (main exposure) and medial and lateral Q-H coherence (outcome) while accounting for the influence of sex and self-reported knee pain and symptoms (covariates).The median age of participants was 25 (range 18–30) and 67% were female. Q-H gamma-band coherence was present for 60–90% of legs. Medial and lateral Q-H coherence was higher in females compared to males. There was no evidence for an association between medial Q-H coherence, knee injury history, knee pain, or symptoms. There was evidence for an association between knee injury history and lateral Q-H coherence, which was modified by sex such that previously injured males demonstrated reduced Q-H coherence compared to uninjured males.These finding suggest that females demonstrate a more pronounced Q-H co-contraction strategy during a SLS than males regardless of knee injury history. Further, that male who suffered a youth sport-related knee injury 3–12 years previously demonstrate less Q-H co-contraction during a SLS than uninjured males. The mechanisms behind differences in neuromuscular control between males and females as well as previously injured and uninjured males require further investigation.     

Formation of plate-shaped Guinier–Preston zones during natural aging of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr Alloy

Plate-shaped Guinier–Preston (G–P) zone formation in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloy has been studied using transmission electron microscopy. The results provide, for the first time, direct evidence showing nucleation and growth of plate-shaped coherent G–P zones during natural aging.     

Rapid dendritic growth within an undercooled Ni–Cu–Fe–Sn–Ge quinary alloy

A liquid quinary alloy with composition Ni–5%Cu–5%Fe–5%Sn–5%Ge has been prepared from a containerless state by undercooling. Dendritic growth of α-Ni phase took place with a velocity of 28 m s^?1 at the maximum degree of undercooling, which was as high as 405 K (0.24T _L). All of the four solute elements Cu, Fe, Sn and Ge exhibited a significant solute trapping effect during the rapid dendrite growth. Segregation-less solidification is consequently realized when the degree of undercooling is sufficiently large. The lattice constant of α-Ni solid solution phase is found to increase with the amount of multicomponent solute trapping.     

Mimicking emotions: how 3–12-month-old infants use the facial expressions and eyes of a model

While there is an extensive literature on the tendency to mimic emotional expressions in adults, it is unclear how this skill emerges and develops over time. Specifically, it is unclear whether infants mimic discrete emotion-related facial actions, whether their facial displays are moderated by contextual cues and whether infants’ emotional mimicry is constrained by developmental changes in the ability to discriminate emotions. We therefore investigate these questions using Baby-FACS to code infants’ facial displays and eye-movement tracking to examine infants’ looking times at facial expressions. Three-, 7-, and 12-month-old participants were exposed to dynamic facial expressions (joy, anger, fear, disgust, sadness) of a virtual model which either looked at the infant or had an averted gaze. Infants did not match emotion-specific facial actions shown by the model, but they produced valence-congruent facial responses to the distinct expressions. Furthermore, only the 7- and 12-month-olds displayed negative responses to the model’s negative expressions and they looked more at areas of the face recruiting facial actions involved in specific expressions. Our results suggest that valence-congruent expressions emerge in infancy during a period where the decoding of facial expressions becomes increasingly sensitive to the social signal value of emotions.     

A Comprehensive Training Initiative for Educators to Develop and Implement Effective Anti-Bullying Policies in K–12 Schools

Although most states across the United States have enacted anti-bullying legislation, state laws vary greatly in detail and direction, leaving many school districts wondering how to best address the problem of bullying and comply with their state’s legislative requirements. In response, a comprehensive, statewide training initiative was conducted for school personnel to offer guidance on developing and implementing such policies at the local level. In the present piece, the authors explicate the process by which they (a) derived theoretically grounded, empirically driven recommendations; (b) developed training materials and a project website; and (c) disseminated the material and recommendations across the state. They also present key outcomes as a result of this training initiative.     

Systematic Screening for Behavior in K–12 Settings as Regular School Practice: Practical Considerations and Recommendations

There is a priority for schools to address students' social and emotional needs as is done for academic learning. Tiered models of prevention provide a framework for teaching social skills and behavioral expectations, as well as academics, with positive, proactive, evidence-based practices. Central to responding to students' needs is accurate measurement of their performance. Systematic screening for behavior addresses this need. Specific screening tools are presented with brief evidence for their use. Then practical considerations and recommendations are offered for school leadership teams as they plan for using systematic behavior screening as a regular school practice. The study was framed within tiered models of prevention; however, screening practices may be used outside of tiered models provided structures are in place for responding to student needs when detected. Content is offered to guide school leadership teams as they undertake systematic behavior screening efforts.     

Recrystallization in a low-density low-alloy Fe–Mn–Al–C duplex-phase alloy

The recrystallization behaviour of a cold-rolled, low-density, low-alloy duplex-phase alloy (Fe–6.57Al–3.34Mn–0.18C, wt.%) has been studied. Temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction and dilatometry showed that the alloy recrystallizes at 850?°C during continuous heating. However, electron back-scattered diffraction investigations using Kernel average misorientation revealed that during annealing ferrite recrystallizes at lower temperatures while austenite remains strained up to 1200?°C. This study underlines the complexity of recrystallization of a microstructure comprising of constituents with high and low stacking fault energy.     

The development of rapid online control in children aged 6–12 years: Reaching performance

Rapid online control during reaching has an important bearing on movement accuracy and flexibility. It is surprising then that few studies have investigated the development of rapid online control in children. In this study, we were particularly interested in age-related changes in the nature of motor control in response to visual perturbation. We compared the performance of younger (6–7 years of age), mid-aged (8–9), and older (10–12) children, as well as healthy young adults using a double-step reaching task. Participants were required to make target-directed reaching movements in near space, while also responding to visual perturbations that occurred at movement onset for a small percentage of trials. Results showed that both the older and mid-aged children corrected their reaching in response to the unexpected shifts in target location significantly faster than younger children, manifest by reduced time to correction. In turn, the responses of adults were faster than older children in terms of movement time and on kinematic measures such as time to correction and time to peak velocity. These results indicate that the capacity to utilize forward estimates of limb position in the service of online control of early perturbations to ballistic (or rapid) reaching develops in a non-linear fashion, progressing rapidly between early and middle childhood, showing a degree of stability over mid and later childhood, but then evidence for continued refinement between childhood and young adulthood. The pattern of change after childhood and into early adolescence requires further investigation, particularly during the rapid phase of physical growth that accompanies puberty.     

Patterns of mother–infant interaction from 3 to 12 months among dyads with substance abuse and psychiatric problems

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of mother–infant interaction patterns from 3 to 12 months among three groups of mother–baby pairs recruited during pregnancy: one group from residential substance abuse treatment (n = 28), a second group from psychiatric outpatient treatment (n = 22), and a third group from well-baby clinics (n = 30). The mother–infant interaction at 3 and 12 months was assessed by the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA), which consists of maternal, child and dyadic subscales (Clark, 2006). Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze group differences and the changes in mother–infant interaction from 3 to 12 months.At 3 months, pairwise comparisons showed that the group with psychiatric problems had significantly more difficulties in the mother–infant interaction than the two other groups. The group with substance abuse problems was not significantly different from the two other groups. At 12 months, the mother–infant pairs in the substance abuse group showed significantly more relational disturbances than the non-clinical pairs, as well as a poorer affective quality of interaction than the dyads in the group with psychiatric problems. Analysis of change from 3 to 12 months showed that difficulties in the interaction increased among the mother–baby pairs in the substance abuse group, while improvements were displayed in the two other groups. These results underline that mother–infant pairs at double risk due to maternal substance abuse and other non-optimal factors, are in need for long-term follow up in order to prevent the development of negative interactional patterns.     

Coparenting in the Context of Mother–Father–Infant versus Mother–Grandmother–Infant Triangular Interactions in Turkey

In this report, coparenting behaviors during triangular interactions among families raising a 3-month-old infant in Turkey are examined. Given the significant role played by extended family members in Turkish culture, coparenting dynamics were examined as mothers and babies played together with grandmothers, as well as together with fathers. Forty-five families took part, and 42 father–mother–baby and 33 grandmother–mother–baby triangular interactions of approximately 10?min in length were filmed during the Lausanne Trilogue Play. From videotapes of the interactions, individual and mutual coparenting behaviors were evaluated using the Coparenting and Family Rating System: 3 Month Adaptation (CFRS3M). Results indicated that while mothers’ own parenting behavior when in the LTP role of Active Parent (AP) was comparable whether with fathers or grandmothers, their behavior when in the LTP role of third party parent (TPP) was comparatively more engaged while with fathers than while with grandmothers. Fathers were comparatively less engaged when occupying the TPP role than were mothers in the TPP role, while grandmothers showed more flirting and distracting behavior in the TPP role than did either fathers or mothers. These findings are significant in documenting meaningful distinctions in Turkish grandmothers’ as well as in Turkish fathers’ and mothers’ coparenting propensities when engaging in triangular interactions with babies during the LTP.