社会价值取向滑块测验中文版的测量学分析

以大学生群体为样本,对社会价值取向滑块测验(The Slider Measure)中文版的心理测量学特征进行分析,并考察大学生社会价值取向分布的一般特点。研究结果发现滑块测验中文版的重测信度为0.76,与三优势测验的聚合效度为0.57;大学生社会价值取向的分布表现为亲社会者最多,个人主义者次之,竞争者最少的模式,且绝大多数亲社会者行为动机为追求双方相对收益最小化的平等取向;社会价值取向的类型分布在性别与是否独生子女维度上表现出较高的同质性与一致性。社会价值取向滑块测验中文版具有较好的信效度,可以作为测量中国大学生社会价值取向的有效工具。     

心理测验管理条例（试行）

心理测验管理条例（试行）［编者按］心理测验的使用是心理学服务于社会的一个重要方面。目前它已广泛地应用于医疗、教育、人事、军事等相关领域,并且。它的应用范围还在不断地扩大,可望在今后为社会做出更多的贡献。然而,心理测验的应用价值是与其科学性密不可分的。...     

部分线索诱发遗忘效应的持久性：项目价值的作用

高价值项目通常比低价值项目识记得更好。目前,尚不清楚项目价值会如何影响部分线索效应。将部分线索范式与价值导向记忆任务相结合(实验1),并进一步操纵编码条件(1-学, 2-学-测)和测验时程(即时测验,最终测验)(实验2),考察以不同价值的项目作为部分线索对不同价值测验项目再认的影响及其持久性。结果发现：线索项目和测验项目的价值均显著影响部分线索效应。具体而言：在1-学条件下,高价值线索使得高、低价值测验项目的再认受损均从即时测验持续到了最终测验,低价值线索仅使高价值测验项目在即时测验中受损。而在2-学-测条件下,仅高价值线索使得低价值测验项目的再认受损从即时测验持续到了最终测验。研究结果表明：项目价值影响部分线索诱发遗忘效应的强度及持久性,在从项目关联编码这一角度界定部分线索对记忆提取的作用时,还需考虑项目价值的作用。     

心理测验在人才测评中的应用

本文探讨了心理测验在人才测评中应用价值和存在的问题,讨论了科学的人才测评与心理测验的关系,期望可以科学的把心理测验应用到人才测评工作中,提高人才测评的有效性和可靠性。     

青少年科学创造力测验的编制

基于科学创造力的结构模型、青少年科学创造力的表现及托兰斯的创造性测验,编制了青少年科学创造力测验,并用该测验施测于英国的1087名中学生和中国的1087名中学生,结果表明:(1)《青少年科学创造力测验》具有较高的信度,Cronbachα系数、评分者信度、重测信度均达到心理测验学要求的水平;(2)《青少年科学创造力测验》具有较高的结构效度。     

论跨文化心理学研究的方法论问题

近年来跨文化心理学渐渐地在我国兴起,这是因为研究者认识了到这一领域的研究对于建立科学的心理学体系的价值,认识到了中国心理学不能不包括亚文化的各少数民族的心理资料。从目前的研究状况来看,我国心理学家所从事的跨文化心理学研究,在方法上普遍采用心理测验的手段,通过测验     

关于我国学校职业指导中的心理测验

1　前言　　无论在西方国家 ,还是在我国 ,关于心理测验的争议一直存在 ,有时甚至很激烈。但是 ,只要我们能够正确地看待和使用心理测验 ,心理测验仍然不失为科学地、客观地评价人的心理素质的一种重要手段。心理测验在学校职业指导中的运用 ,大大地推动了学校职业指导的发展。在历史上 ,我国学校职业指导中虽然很早就应用心理测验了 ,但始终得不到重视。这可能与时代的背景和人们的观念有关。本文结合我国学校职业指导中应用心理测验的历史和现状 ,介绍了心理测验在学校职业指导中的重要作用和意义 ,旨在引起有关方面的注意和重视。2　心理…     

心理测验中反应定势的类型与控制

在心理测验中,存在一些来自受测者的误差因素,反应定势(resPonse set)是其中之一。反应定势是受测者在测验中由某种心理定势引起的反应倾向,它使受测者作出与测验欲测的特性无关的歪曲反应。在能力测验、个性测验、兴趣测验和态度测验等心理测验以及采用问卷法进行的心理研究中,反应定势是普遍存在的。但不少人在编制问卷、施测以及对测验结果进行解释时却忽略了这一问题,这势必影响心理测验和研究的科学性。下面试对心理测验中反应定势的类型和控制作一初步的分析和介绍。     

关于心理测量的几个问题

从1905年第一个作为测量人的智力工具比纳—西蒙智力量表问世起,各种心理测验应运而生,在社会各方面都得到广泛的应用。然而,心理测验作为测量人的心理的工具至今并不是没有争议的。此外,正确地、慎重地使用测验也是一个应予以重视的问题。故此,本文拟对心理测量的几个问题作一粗略的介绍,试图为正确地理解心理测验提供一些有益的东西,谬误之处,请同志们指正。     

中国的心理测量发展史

有关心理测量的思想起源于中国古代。但西方科学的心理测验理论与方法是20世纪初自西方传人中国的。30年的发展取得很大成绩,但道路艰辛曲折,文章分三个阶段对之作了回顾。一、最早是1915年外国学者为比较中美儿童的智力差异对广州500名小学生进行测试。同一时期,我国学者也开始自己编制测验,"小学生毛笔书法量表"是最早的标准化教育测验。廖世承和陈鹤琴1920年在南京高等师范开设测验课程,出版《心理测验法》一书,正式介绍科学的心理测验。与美国专家合作编制多种测验,1923年与美国专家合作对全国小学生进行测试,得出了三至八年级学童的年龄与班级常模,引起了教育界的注意。艾伟从1925年起致力编制中小学不同年级和学科的测验以及能力测验,还与张耀翔编制了识字测验与阅读测验等,对我国教育测验的发展做出了很大贡献。"中国测验学会"1931成立。并创办会刊《测验》有效地推动了当时测验研究的开展.1937年"七七"事变后,工作继续进行和扩展,但受战争的影响,发展上减慢了速度。二、1949年新中国成立后,由于政治上的变迁,心理测验被视为禁区,认为它违心,反动,没有人敢于问津。文化大革命中,心理学被打成伪科学,心理测验更是全盘否定了。三.文革以后,心理学恢复。而心理测验面对着既缺人力又少资料的困难。林传鼎等三位教授于1980年春举办了第一个全国性心理测验培训班,是心理测验再生的标志。此后各高等院校逐步开设心理测量学课程。通过引进各种心理测量理论,修订外国测验和逐步向自编我国测验发展,几年中取得了良好效果。1984年中国心理学会下属的‘心理测量分会’成立,1990年加入国际测验委员会(ITC)成为它的一个国家会员。1991年在南京举办了国内第一个心理测验国际性学术会议,又与台湾学者交流,建立起隔年一次海峡两岸心理与教育测量学术研讨会的协议。这些都对中国心理测验的发展都起了积极作用。80年代后期国家实行改革开放,经济转型,心理测验逐渐渗入医学、教育、企业、和组织人事部门等多种应用领域,扩大了对社会的影响。教育是其最早也是最重要的应用领域。从高考开始向各种考试、应用领域广泛扩展,取得良好效果。尤其是在人力资源、心理咨询领域,心理测验发展迅速日益兴旺。社会各界从多方面加深了对心理测量的认同,使它变成为一个相当热门的应用科学了。最后,文章从测验的数量、质量,数据处理的方法技术,测验者素质提高和法律完备等几个方面分析了存在问题并提出对今后的展望。     

Psychological testing and pilot licensing

This article reviews contemporary trends in the psychological testing of pilots. It is written in the particular context of draft European Joint Aviation Authorities licensing proposals which, in certain circumstances, envisage psychological testing for pilot licensing purposes. The article aims to clarify issues relating to the validity, reliability, and value of pilot psychological testing in this particular context. It is first suggested that the entire domain is characterized by terminological and methodological confusion. The economic and other benefits of psychological testing are contrasted with the potential risks, including abuse and the use of tests in circumstances for which they were never designed. Reference also is made to cultural differences that potentially may impact on the practical realities of psychological testing--especially within the European context, where the debate is presently at its most intense.     

The Great Divide: Academic Versus Practitioner Criteria for Psychometric Test Choice

This article looks at the two very different worlds of academic personality psychologists and business (human resources) professionals who both use personality tests. It examines the decisions practitioners make when choosing to purchase and use psychometric tests in the workplace. It reviews the relatively few papers on practitioner’s knowledge of, attitudes toward, and beliefs about psychological tests. Data are then reported from a study looking at practitioners’ rank ordering of criteria they would use in choosing psychological tests. This is contrasted with typical academic concerns as expressed in the literature. The article shows some divide between academic personality psychology researchers and those who purchase and use these tests in applied settings.     

心理测验中个人拟合研究的回顾与展望

个人拟合研究是对心理测验中偏差行为鉴别的一种新方法,它以Guttman理想模型、项目反应理论和非参数项目反应理论为基础。传统个人拟合指标是对宽泛偏差行为的检验,当前个人拟合研究更具体、更形象,针对于某种偏差行为的专门性指标和图形与回归分析受到了越来越多的关注。但无论哪种个人拟合方法都会受到各种无关因素的影响,如何克服这些影响,提高个人拟合方法的实际应用价值将成为个人拟合研究的主要方向     

Rorschach Anatomy Response Correlates in Rehabilitation Failure Subjects

Studies have linked rehabilitation failure to personality factors and psychological test findings, including the Rorschach Anatomy Response. Objective psychological tests were administered to 112 PMRS patients who met the criterion of over 30% anatomy on the Rorschach. Test scores and demographic variables were statistically analyzed in an intercorrelational design using medical success—failure judgements as criterion. Outcomes were judged 100% failure and the group resembled somatization and hysterical reactions, with positive comparisons to passive-dependency and delayed recovery from disease. Inspection of the intercorrelations suggested two patterns: an open psychopathology configuration and a control-defensive personality organization. Discussion focused upon the value of anatomy percentage as a failure predictor, the type of personality involved, and the need for more specific research.     

Beyond IQ: a new perspective on the psychological assessment of intellectual abilities

The article presents a new approach to the psychological assessment of intellectual abilities, which is based on the new theory of human intelligence. The main shortcomings of conventional intelligence tests are briefly discussed. The nine methodological and procedural principles, which form this approach, are considered along with the examples of new intelligence tests. According to these principles, new intelligence tests should examine psychological mental context generated by an individual himself or herself. They should also have an “open character”, evaluate the basis of intelligence, and allow both retrospective and prospective assessment. New tests of intellectual abilities should not evaluate psychological functions (e.g., memory or attention) and mental speed, and they should not be very long and time-consuming. Cognitive styles and metacognitive abilities should also be assessed by new intelligence tests.     

Factors of style and personality

In an attempt to find relationships between psychological and linguistic variables, style samples of short stories, 300 words each, were analyzed according to formal criteria and the results were correlated with scores on personality tests. The number of significant correlations supported the hypothesis that style is related to personality. A factor analysis, using the principal component solution and Varimax rotation (Harman, 1967), of the correlation matrix resulted in six identifiable factors of style, three factors of psychological tests, and a large number of small factors, each represented only by two to five experimental variables with significant loadings. A significant loading for interpretation purposes was defined in agreement with Guilford (1956) as 0.30 or greater, positive or negative. A close examination of style factors led to the tentative differentiation of a basic language factor as resulting from grammatical constraint, and several factors of subjective style of individuals. Some of these later factors had enough loadings on personality variables to permit cautious psychological interpretation.     

Psychology,health and health care

This article traces the development of the World Health Organization's emphasis on psychological and behavioural factors in health and notes its encouragement of recognition of these factors by member states. The article further outlines the reasons for this increasing recognition and stresses the important role of psychological and behavioural factors in the maintenance of health and prevention of illness.