封闭世界中的孩子——儿童自闭症的分析与治疗

Kanner教授于1943年最先报道了关于儿童自闭症的详细研究,自闭症作为一种症侯群,其具体症状因人而异。社会交往障碍、语言发育障碍、刻板的行为方式是自闭症的三个主要障碍。本文从儿童自闭症的表现特征、原因、治疗等方面入手,详细阐述了这一发生在婴幼儿时期的发展障碍及其治疗方法,为自闭症儿童的早期发现、训练和矫治提供参考。     

儿童自闭症的历史、现状及其相关研究

Kanner于1943年最先报告了关于自闭症的详细研究.自闭症作为一种症候群,其具体症状因人而异.社会性障碍、交流障碍与想象障碍是自闭症的三个主要障碍,同时又构成诊断自闭症的基础.研究者已经弄清了自闭症的发生率、性别差异、与智商和社会阶层的关系等部分事实.不同的研究者从不同方面解释和说明自闭症,其中“心理理论”说是近年来非常有吸引力的自闭症理论之一.这一理论主张自闭症在“读心理”方面具有障碍.     

自闭症神经机制研究的新进展

“自闭症”是由美国儿童精神病医生Kanner,L．在1943年首次提出来的。其主要症状包括社会交往障碍、语言发展障碍、认知障碍以及行为刻板反复。现代实验技术手段的发展为探索自闭症病因之迷提供了重要的帮助。大量自闭症的神经机制方面的证据主要来自于运用脑成像技术(如核磁共振成像MRI、正电子发射层描术PET等)、动物脑损伤、尸     

儿童孤独症的临床特征及矫正模式

儿童孤独症的临床特征及矫正模式侯志瑾儿童孤独症(autism)又称自闭症,是一种广泛性发育障碍.1943年,Kanner首次将孤独症作为一种诊断分类提出.他报告了11个患有此症的儿童,其共同表现为:从婴儿期开始很少与人交往,极端孤僻,语言发展迟滞,缺乏想象.     

西方关于自闭症研究的新进展

自闭症是一种罕见的身体机能失调的综合病症.本文阐述了西方关于自闭症研究的新进展,其中分别介绍了自闭症的重要症状、自闭症起因的理论假设以及自闭症与心理理论的关系研究.在阐述的过程中强调了心理理论的缺失是自闭症产生的重要原因.     

西方关于自闭症研究的新进展——与心理理论的关系研究

自闭症是一种罕见的身体机能失调的综合病症。本文阐述了西方关于自闭症研究的新进展,其中分别介绍了自闭症的重要症状、自闭症起因的理论假设以及自闭症与心理理论的关系研究。在阐述的过程中强调了心理理论的缺失是自闭症产生的重要原因。     

自闭症谱系障碍个体的焦虑：发生机制、评估与治疗

自闭症谱系障碍是一种神经发育性障碍, 主要表现为社会交往互动障碍和重复刻板性行为。焦虑或焦虑障碍常被认为是自闭症个体最普遍的共病之一。焦虑与自闭症之间的关系尚不明确, 自闭症个体的焦虑与无法忍受不确定性、杏仁核功能和体积、情绪调节策略、消极思维存在一定关联; 目前已经开发出专门用于自闭症个体焦虑的评估工具; 修订版认知行为疗法对自闭症个体焦虑的治疗取得了良好效果。未来的研究应着重探索自闭症个体焦虑的认知与神经机制, 检验专用评估工具的有效性, 继续关注现代技术(如虚拟现实技术)对自闭症个体焦虑的治疗效果。     

自闭症儿童语言认知发展理论研究综述

目前,关于语言障碍和认知障碍是自闭症的核心症候,这一点在国际上已无异议,但究其发展障碍的本质如何,则各种见解仍处于分歧之中。本文主要是从认知心理学和发展语言心理学的角度,对自闭症儿童的语言认知障碍及其特征进行分析,旨在为中国儿童自闭症的研究和治疗提供一些参考观点。     

人工智能辅助的自闭症早期患者的筛查与诊断

自闭症谱系障碍(AutisticSpectrumDisorders,ASD)的症状早在婴幼儿期就会显现,越早发现,越早干预,治疗效果越好。传统自闭症早期筛查与诊断在评估方法、流程上存在局限,无法满足大规模筛查和诊断需求。随着人工智能技术的快速发展,使用智能化方法进行自闭症早期大规模无感筛查与诊断逐渐成为可能。近10年间,国内外对自闭症智能化识别方法的探索在经典任务行为、面部表情和情绪、眼动、脑影像、运动控制和运动模式、多模态6个领域积累了丰富的研究成果。未来研究应围绕构建国内自闭症早期智能医学筛查与诊断体系,开发针对婴幼儿患者的筛查工具,构建融合多模态数据的自闭症婴幼儿智能化识别模型,建立结合脑影像技术的自闭症精细化诊断方法等方面来开展。     

自闭症研究在认知发展领域的新进展

１关于自闭症的界定１．１什么是自闭症儿童的智力发展和身体发育可能会在许多发面出现不正常,形成多种儿童发展障碍,引起行为异常。自闭症是儿童全面发展障碍的一种,又称儿童孤独症。它是起病于儿童早期的一种严重的精神疾患。首先认识到这种障碍,并把它视作一个群体以单独命名的是美国儿童精神科教授Ｋａｎｎｅｒ。他于１９４３年描述并报道了１１名行为异常、社会性退缩的儿童,认为他们是“从生命一开始就表现出与人交流的障碍”。这些儿童在婴幼儿时期表现出明显的仪式性、刻板行为;社会交往障碍;言语发展障碍,这典型的三种症状…     

Reapproaching Mahler: new perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory

Margaret Mahler's seminal work on the psychological birth of the infant has generated more critical discussion than most other psychoanalytic theories of early development. But while the empirically, theoretically, and methodologically based criticisms of Mahler's theory are generally justified, her critics fail at times to consider some of the intriguing and creative insights that her theoretical formulations tried to capture. This paper attempts to reformulate these insights using the new conceptual tools that current cognitive developmental theory provides. Mahler's stage of normal autism is reconsidered in the light of contingency detection theory as an initial phase of primary preoccupation with self-generated perfectly response-contingent stimulation. Her concept of normal symbiosis is recast with the help of attachment theory's views on homeostatic regulation and the social biofeedback model of affect-reflective mirroring interactions with parents. Finally, her ideas about the development of splitting and libidinal object constancy are reconsidered according to recent theories of early representational development and mentalization.     

Autism Overflows: Increasing Prevalence and Proliferating Theories

This selective review examines the lack of an explanation for the sharply increasing prevalence of autism, and the lack of any synthesis of the proliferating theories of autism. The most controversial and most widely disseminated notion for increasing prevalence is the measles–mumps–rubella/thimerosal vaccine theory. Less controversial causes that have been proposed include changes in autism diagnostic criteria, increasing services for autism, and growing awareness of the disorder. Regardless of its causes, the increasing prevalence of autism has put pressure on the field of autism research to generate productive and predictive theories of autism. However, the heterogeneity of brain deficits, impaired behaviors, and genetic variants in autism have challenged researchers and theorists, and despite 45 years of research, no standard causal synthesis has emerged. Research going forward should assume that autism is an aggregation of myriad independent disorders of impaired sociality, social cognition, communication, and motor and cognitive skills.     

自闭症儿童的心理理论与中心信息整合的关系探讨

自闭症儿童的心理理论一直是儿童心理理论研究的重要领域,自闭症儿童身上心理理论缺失这一领域特殊性的加工缺损与弱的中心信息整合这一领域一般性的加工异常之问的关系研究逐渐受到了广泛关注。在阐述自闭症领域的心理理论研究,并介绍弱的中心信息整合理论的基本观点和实验证据之后,在此探讨了两者之间的关系,包括两者相互独立的观点、相互关联的观点以及其他的不同观点,并对今后的研究方向做出了展望。     

Atypical shape bias and categorization in autism: Evidence from children and computational simulations

The shape bias, a preference for mapping new word labels onto the shape rather than the color or texture of referents, has been postulated as a word‐learning mechanism. Previous research has shown deficits in the shape bias in children with autism even though they acquire sizeable lexicons. While previous explanations have suggested the atypical use of color for label extension in individuals with autism, we hypothesize an atypical mapping of novel labels to novel objects, regardless of the physical properties of the objects. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate this phenomenon in some individuals with autism, but the novelty of objects only partially explains their lack of shape bias. In a second experiment, we present a computational model that provides a developmental account of the shape bias in typically developing children and in those with autism. This model is based on theories of neurological dysfunctions in autism, and it integrates theoretical and empirical findings in the literature of categorization, word learning, and the shape bias. The model replicates the pattern of results of our first experiment and shows how individuals with autism are more likely to categorize experimental objects together on the basis of their novelty. It also provides insights into possible mechanisms by which children with autism learn new words, and why their word referents may be idiosyncratic. Our model highlights a developmental approach to autism that emphasizes deficient representations of categories underlying an impaired shape bias.     

Keeping a Sound Marriage: How Couples with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Maintain Their Marriages

This study focused on strengths and variables that contribute to marital successes for couples with children with autism spectrum disorders (in this article, referred to as “autism”). Particularly, the purpose of this study was to examine what husbands and wives with children with autism in contrast to couples with children who are typically developing identify as helpful to maintaining their marriages. Concept mapping methodology was used for this research study. Couples with children with autism and couples with children who are typically developing participated in telephone interviews and then grouped and rated the statements generated from their interviews. Groupings were translated into pictorial maps showing relationships and patterns. Couples with children with autism shared common perceptions about factors that help to keep their marriages strong: communication and shared foundational ideas about marriage. Communication was a cluster for all groups of husbands and wives. Only mothers of children with autism identified time for self-care as a distinct cluster.     

自闭症儿童依恋研究述评

摘要　　研究者曾一度认为自闭症儿童无法建立起依恋关系。本文系统回顾了自闭症儿童依恋研究的最新进展,将自闭症儿童是否存在依恋行为（尤其是安全型依恋行为）、依恋发展解释理论、研究方法、类型分布以及影响因素等问题进行了详细梳理,并结合研究分析,提出有关自闭症儿童依恋研究的几点启示,以供参考。     

西方儿童个性结构研究进展

近年来,在儿童个性结构研究领域,基于成人研究基础上建立起来的大五因素受到一定的挑战,此外该研究领域在研究方法方面也取得了一些进展。该文从新近西方儿童的个性结构理论研究、儿童个性结构研究采用的同伴提名法、以及个性结构问卷的跨文化应用等几方面来探讨西方儿童个性结构研究领域的进展,并提出未来研究的设想。     

Behavior analysts' perceptions of the population specificity or comprehensiveness of autism treatments

The basic philosophy of radical behaviorism provides foundations for behavioral intervention applications in applied behavior analysis (ABA) across a variety of populations and human behaviors. However, as ABA increases in popularity for people with autism, many people perceive that ABA resembles other non‐research‐supported interventions which market themselves almost exclusively for autism. This study evaluated the extent to which behavior analysts perceived scientifically supported treatments (e.g., ABA) and non‐scientifically supported treatments as population‐specific or as comprehensively applicable across populations. Behavior analysts (N = 876) completed an online survey which indicated that approximately 3/4 of behavior analysts reported ABA as comprehensively effective for all people. Treatments without scientific support also were ranked more often or as effective as ABA for specific populations (i.e., intellectual and developmental disabilities, autism, severe behavior problems, adults, and children). Results indicated a continuing need to emphasize the education and requirements of radical behaviorism as the scientific foundations of ABA.