老年人术后认知功能障碍的影响因素和预防

人口老龄化问题日趋严重,老龄社会已悄然到来,老年人手术,术前、术中、术后都有其独特性,如何避免或者减少手术后并发症的发生,尤其是预防严重并发症的发生意义重大。笔者从老年人生理改变,老年人术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive disorder,POCD）的影响因素以及手术前、手术中（麻醉期）、...     

老年术后认知功能障碍研究进展及思考

术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD）是临床上老年患者术后常见的并发症,主要表现为精神活动、人格、记忆力和社交活动以及认知能力的异常,渐渐为患者和医学工作者所重视,但其病因和发病机制尚不清楚。运用哲学的基本原理,掌握科学的方法论和辩证思维方法,有助于正确分析POCD的相关病因及其发病机制,从而更好定指导临床工作。     

老年术后认知功能障碍研究进展及思考

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是临床上老年患者术后常见的并发症,主要表现为精神活动、人格、记忆力和社交活动以及认知能力的异常,渐渐为患者和医学工作者所重视,但其病因和发病机制尚不清楚.运用哲学的基本原理,掌握科学的方法论和辩证思维方法,有助于正确分析POCD的相关病因及其发病机制,从而更好定指导临床工作.     

术后认知功能障碍病因探索的反思

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是手术后的一个并发症,随着接受手术治疗的患者越来越多,这一并发症引起了医学家们的广泛关注.但到目前为止,其发病的原因和机制尚不清楚.通过查找总结国内外学者对术后认知功能障碍病因的研究过程,我们发现其中无不渗透着哲学的思想.     

术后认知功能障碍病因探索的反思

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是手术后的一个并发症,随着接受手术治疗的患者越来越多,这一并发症引起了医学家们的广泛关注。但到目前为止,其发病的原因和机制尚不清楚。通过查找总结国内外学者对术后认知功能障碍病因的研究过程,我们发现其中无不渗透着哲学的思想。     

术后认知功能障碍和阿尔茨海默病相关的发病机制思考

术后认知功能障碍是手术麻醉后的并发症之一,阿尔茨海默病是一种常见的慢性进行性神经退行性疾病,在发病机制方面二者存在诸多的相似点,且目前在此方面对二者的研究都没有取得重大进展,有必要从发病机制角度对二者进行相关的辩证思考,以便更好地指导临床及基础研究.     

术后认知功能障碍和阿尔茨海默病相关的发病机制思考

术后认知功能障碍是手术麻醉后的并发症之一,阿尔茨海默病是一种常见的慢性进行性神经退行性疾病,在发病机制方面二者存在诸多的相似点,且目前在此方面对二者的研究都没有取得重大进展,有必要从发病机制角度对二者进行相关的辩证思考,以便更好地指导临床及基础研究。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者工作记忆中 脑电能量及皮质联络功能的变化特征

探讨轻度认知功能障碍患者（MCI）工作记忆状态下脑电能量及皮质联络功能的变化特征。被试为从社区选取的35名轻度认知功能障碍患者和34名健康志愿者。采用简单计算回忆方法,结果发现工作记忆加工过程中会引起4.0~18.0Hz范围内功率值的改变,且MCI组高于正常对照组;MCI患者在中央、顶、颞叶的半球间相干系数均显著高于正常对照组。研究结果提示MCI患者可能存在中央、顶、颞叶皮层的功能减退,工作记忆状态下通过代偿机制仍能维持加工的有效性     

血管性认知功能障碍与胰岛素抵抗关系的临床研究

探讨在血管性认知功能障碍（vascular cognitive impairment,VCI）的发病机制中胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）的作用及二者之问的关系。比较41例VCI患者与80例健康对照组中空腹血糖（FPG）等13个因素之间是否存在差异,及VCI的发生与上述各因素之间的关系。VCI组FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、ISI、FIB、TC、TG、LDL明显高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;其中FINS、HOMA-IR、LDL为VCI发生的危险因素;MMSE评分与ISI呈显著正相关（rs=0．56,P〈O．01）。VCI中存在IR,IR是VCI发生的危险因素之一,VCI的严重程度与IR呈正相关。     

常态脑老化认知功能障碍及相关代谢机制研究进展

常态脑老化（NBA ）是老年期痴呆的首要危险因素,与病态性脑老化有相似的病理基础,但并不完全相同。虽然单一的“脑老化”因素并不足以成为导致老年期痴呆的独立原因,但脑老化状态确实使得大脑对外界负性刺激的敏感性增加,进而使老年人更容易发生认知障碍。阿尔茨海默病等老年痴呆症状的治疗方面尚无逆转的方法,而是重在预防。因此,我们将重点放在痴呆发生之前更早的阶段---常态脑老化阶段,就常态脑老化状态下与认知功能障碍的表现、发生机理及代谢相关机制进行综述,旨在为早期寻找措施防止老年期痴呆性认知功能下降提供理论基础。     

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Versus Complaints: A Discrepancy in Long-Term Findings

This review describes the discrepancy in findings between postoperative cognitive performance and postoperative cognitive complaints long time after an operation under general anesthesia. Shortly (from 6 hr to 1 week) after an operation a decline in cognitive performance is reported in most studies. However, long time (from 3 weeks to 1–2 years) after an operation this is rarely found although some patients are still reporting cognitive complaints. In general this kind of research is suffering from severe methodological problems (use of insensitive tests, lack of control groups, lack of parallel tests, different definitions of cognitive decline). However, these problems cannot totally explain the discrepancy in findings in the long term. Thus, there are patients who have persistent cognitive complaints long time after an operation, that cannot be measured with cognitive tests. More psychological factors such as fixation on short-term cognitive dysfunction, mood, coping style, and personality are possible explanations for these cognitive complaints in the long term. As a consequence, these factors should be a topic in future research elucidating the persistence of these cognitive complaints long time after an operation under general anesthesia.     

Integrating Cognitive and Existential Treatment Strategies in Psychotherapy With Dependent Patients

A dependent personality orientation is associated with increased risk for a broad array of Axis I and Axis II disorders. Although traditional treatment interventions have modest ameliorative effects on problematic dependency, the multifaceted nature of dependency suggests that integrated treatment strategies may hold more promise than traditional treatment approaches. This article outlines one potentially useful integrated treatment strategy, combining elements of cognitive and existential therapy to alter dependency-related thought, behavior, and emotional responding. Procedures for implementing an integrated cognitive-existential treatment model are outlined, and challenges in use of the model are discussed.     

Strategies in Forecasting Outcomes in Ethical Decision-Making: Identifying and Analyzing the Causes of the Problem

This study examined the role of key causal analysis strategies in forecasting and ethical decision-making. Undergraduate participants took on the role of the key actor in several ethical problems and were asked to identify and analyze the causes, forecast potential outcomes, and make a decision about each problem. Time pressure and analytic mindset were manipulated while participants worked through these problems. The results indicated that forecast quality was associated with decision ethicality, and the identification of the critical causes of the problem was associated with both higher quality forecasts and higher ethicality of decisions. Neither time pressure nor analytic mindset impacted forecasts or ethicality of decisions. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Analysis of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Low-Grade Glioma

All living adults with histopatologically proven diagnosis of low-grade glioma in a Swedish county were identified with help of the Regional Cancer Register, half of them (n = 24) participated in a neuropsychological evaluation. A considerable variation was found in cognitive function within this group of patients, ranging from good ability to severe disturbance. Different patterns of cognitive dysfunction emerged resulting in three subgroups; patients with severe, mild, and minimal selective dysfunction. The patients with severe disturbance had a global dysfunction covering most assessed cognitive domains. Slow information-processing speed was obvious in the subgroups with both severe and mild dysfunction. Cognitive problems present in the best performing group seemed related to tumor localization. Cognitive function in the whole sample was related to histopathological diagnosis of the tumor, as well as to educational level of the patients. The nonworking patients had significantly poorer performance than the working patients.     

Panic Disorder: Cognitive Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment Strategies

The past decade has seen significant advances in both psychosocial, notably cognitive behavioral (CBT), and pharmacological treatments for panic disorder. Given the widely acknowledged efficacy of both forms of treatment, it is reasonable to consider that the combination of approaches should yield an extremely potent strategy to treating panic disorder. The present report summarizes scientific evidence for the singular and combined treatment approaches to panic disorder. Data across studies indicate that combined treatments yield immediate and short-term benefits above those provided by either pharmacologic treatment or CBT alone. In the long-term, however, these benefits disappear. In fact, the combination of benzodiazepines and CBT appears to produce poorer end-state functioning than CBT alone. Other data indicate that the sequencing of pharmacotherapy and CBT may be useful for benzodiazepine fading. Although these data are preliminary, combined treatments do not appear to be the treatment of choice for patients with panic disorder. Treatment algorithms are suggested based on existing data.