降压达标对器官保护的作用

高血压作为心血管事件的重要危险因素,长期发展可导致重要器官的损害及心脑血管事件的发生.目前提倡理想的降压药物除了具有良好的降压作用外,应当具有一定的器官保护作用,降压的获益体现在对器官的保护及对心脑血管事件的降低方面.     

降压达标对器官保护的作用

高血压作为心血管事件的重要危险因素,长期发展可导致重要器官的损害及心脑血管事件的发生。目前提倡理想的降压药物除了具有良好的降压作用外,应当具有一定的器官保护作用,降压的获益体现在对器官的保护及对心脑血管事件的降低方面。     

罗红霉素对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用

研究罗红霉素对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制。新西兰大白兔随机分三组。分别于缺血前、后及再灌注结束后测定MDA、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、中性粒细胞凋亡率。缺血及再灌注后Apo、IR组较Sham组MDA升高(P0.01);再灌注结束后Apo组较IR组IL-6、IL-8减少,IL-10、中性粒细胞凋亡增加(P0.01)。罗红霉素能保护兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤,与减少致炎因子,诱导中性粒细胞凋亡有关。     

罗红霉素对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用

研究罗红霉素对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制.新西兰大白兔随机分三组.分别于缺血前、后及再灌注结束后测定MDA、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、中性粒细胞凋亡率.缺血及再灌注后Apo、IR组较Sham组MDA升高(P＜0.01);再灌注结束后Apo组较IR组IL-6、IL-8减少,IL-10、中性粒细胞凋亡增加(P＜0.01).罗红霉素能保护兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤,与减少致炎因子,诱导中性粒细胞凋亡有关.     

三种药物对糖尿病患者血清诱导内皮损伤的保护效应比较

利用银杏叶提取物(GBE)、银杏内酯B(GB)以及阿托伐他汀(AT)分别对糖尿病患者血清(DS)损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)进行干预,干预30min、3h以及3d后,测定细胞存活率,上清液中测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)以及一氧化氮(NO)的含量.三种药物均能增加细胞存活率;MDA和LDH水平,组别与干预时间有交互作用(P＜0.05);药物干预组NO水平较DS组显著升高(P＜0.05),以GBE为著.可见,DS可通过氧化应激损伤内皮细胞;三种药物均能减轻这种损伤,GBE的效果优于GB和AT.     

卡托普利异氟醚联合预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌保护作用

探讨卡托普利与异氟醚联合预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.选择100例瓣膜置换术惠者分为五组,分别给以不同的药物预处理.观察各组心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子的变化,以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物使用.结果显示,卡托普利与异氟醚联合处理组的心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物用量与其他三组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05).认为卡托普利延迟相或早期相复合异氟醚预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤均具有更强保护作用,并以卡托普利延迟相组为优.     

卡托普利异氟醚联合预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌保护作用

探讨卡托普利与畀氟醚联合预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。选择100例瓣膜置换术患者分为五组,分别给以不同的药物预处理。观察各组心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子的变化,以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物使用。结果显示,卡托普利与异氟醚联合处理组的心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物用量与其他三组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。认为卡托普利延迟相或早期相复合异氟醚预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤均具有更强保护作用,并以卡托普利延迟相组为优。     

舒芬太尼和七氟烷不同剂量组合对创伤患者心肌损伤的协同保护作用

创伤失血性休克患者在接受液体复苏和输血治疗时,由于再灌注可导致心肌和心脏功能进一步受损.在再灌注前应积极采取临床措施以保护心脏.阿片类药物和吸入麻醉药物后处理对创伤失血性休克患者心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有良好的保护作用.此研究中,笔者将不同剂量的舒芬太尼和七氟烷联合应用,通过对患者心肌酶检测相比较,发现两种药物组对后处理是否对失血性休克患者心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有协同保护作用.     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对肝肿瘤并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期的脑保护作用

观察预注高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对肝肿瘤合并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期的脑保护作用。选择50例患有高血压ASA分级Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级肝肿瘤手术患者,随机分为高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液(H)组和复方氯化钠(复方乳酸林格液R)组,每组25例。于输注前(T0)、输注完毕即刻(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后5min(T3)、气管插管后15min(T4)、气管插管后30min(T5)抽取静脉血离心后检测血清中S100B、IL-6、TNF-a的浓度。与T0点相比,H组,T5点S100B轻度降低但无统计学差异(P0.05),IL-6、TNF-a无明显变化(P0.05);R组在T5点S100B明显上升(P0.01);IL-6、TNF-a明显上升(P0.05或P0.01)。与R组相比,H组患者在T3-5时点S100B、IL-6和TNF-a均低(P0.05或P0.01)。结论为预注高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液在肝肿瘤合并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期具有脑保护作用。     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对肝肿瘤并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期的脑保护作用

观察预注高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对肝肿瘤合并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期的脑保护作用.选择50例患有高血压ASA分级Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级肝肿瘤手术患者,随机分为高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液(H)组和复方氯化钠(复方乳酸林格液R)组,每组25例.于输注前(T0)、输注完毕即刻(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后5min(T3)、气管插管后15min(T4)、气管插管后30min(T5)抽取静脉血离心后检测血清中S100B、IL-6、TNF-a的浓度.与T0点相比,H组,T5点S100B轻度降低但无统计学差异(P>0.05),IL-6、TNF-a无明显变化(P>0.05);R组在T5点S100B明显上升(P<0.01);IL-6、TNF-a明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01).与R组相比,H组患者在T3-5时点S100B、IL-6和TNF-a均低(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论为预注高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液在肝肿瘤合并高血压患者硬膜外复合全身麻醉诱导期具有脑保护作用.     

东莨菪碱对吗啡诱导的大鼠行为敏感化的影响

药物重复处理导致的行为敏感化与成瘾过程密切相关。本实验检验东莨菪碱对吗啡诱导的大鼠行为敏感化发展和转化的影响。实验一动物分为3组,分别进行生理盐水（对照组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡组）、吗啡（10mg/kg）＋东莨菪碱（3mg/kg,吗啡-东莨菪碱组）前处理,36小时腹腔注射4次（第1~2天）。自然戒断7天（第3~9天）。第10天,所有动物均使用吗啡（4mg/kg）激发,记录动物的自发活动量;第24天,吗啡组和吗啡-东莨菪碱组动物重复第10天的操作。实验二动物分为3组,分别接受生理盐水（对照组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡-东莨菪碱组）处理,36小时腹腔注射4次（第1~3天）;间隔12小时后,3组动物分别接受生理盐水、生理盐水和东莨菪碱（3mg/kg）处理,仍为36小时腹腔注射4次（第3 ~5天）。第6~9天不进行药物处理。第10天和第17天,分别使用吗啡（4mg/kg）激发,记录动物的活动量。记录时间均为两小时(10分钟为一个记录单元)。结果表明,东莨菪碱能够抑制吗啡诱导的行为敏感化的发展,一定程度上也能够延缓行为敏感化的转化但没有阻断这种转化     

Lasting Effects of Alcohol on the Reduction of Anxiety in Rats

A factor analysis was performed combining HSPQ forms A and B scores from a group of high school males (N = 1504) and a group of high school females (N + 1255). Eight factors were extracted and rotated from each of the two groups. It was found that the resulting factor patterns were both clearer (had better simple structure) and more closely matched the second order factor structure found among adults than previous HSPQ structures. These results supported the contention that (a) there are comparable second order personality factors between adults and high school students, and (b) since the factor pattern was similar to patterns found previously, the primary factors tend to be stable.     

Effects of Cortical Lesions upon the Onset of Hoarding in Rats

Psychologists agree that play is an essential ingredient in a child's development. The present investigation evaluated the effects of an intensive period of dramatic play upon the cognitive structures of young children (N = 12 boys and girls, ages 3 to 5 years) using repertory grids to extract their systems of personal constructs. The period of dramatic play produced substantial and sustained improvements in the numbers of constructs, which confirms the importance of play in cognitive growth. The findings are also taken to support the value of drama therapy in bringing about cognitive change in the mentally ill.     

Sex Differences in Vulnerability to Developmental Spatial Learning Deficits Induced by Limited Binge Alcohol Exposure in Neonatal Rats

The two main objectives of this study were (1) to replicate previous findings that 6 days of binge-like exposure to alcohol during the neonatal brain growth spurt induces significant place learning deficits in juvenile rats and (2) to determine whether more limited (3-day) binge-like exposure during the neonatal period induces place learning deficits and whether the effects depend on the developmental timing of the exposure. Using artificial rearing methods and a split-litter experimental design, groups of male and female neonatal rats were given binge-like exposure to 4.5 g/kg/day of ethanol in milk formula either on Postnatal Days (PD) 4–6, PD 7–9, or PD 4–9, which yielded mean peak blood alcohol concentrations of 230–260 mg/dl. Controls included an artificially reared gastro- stomy control group (GC) given an isocaloric milk formula diet on PD 4–9 and a suckle control group reared normally by lactating dams. Acquisition of place learning in the Morris spatial navigation task was trained for 6 consecutive days beginning on PD 26; a probe trial was given at the end of the sixth day. As expected, both males and females given alcohol on PD 4–9 had significant deficits in acquisition and probe trial performance relative to SC and GC groups. Males given the PD 7–9 exposure had significant place learning deficits which were as severe as with the full 6-day exposure. The PD 4–6 exposure in males produced only a nonsignificant trend toward slower acquisition. Females were not significantly affected by either 3-day exposure. The latter phase of the neonatal brain growth spurt appears to constitute a sex-specific period of enhanced vulnerability to alcohol-induced developmental spatial learning deficits.     

Effects of Early Hippocampal Lesions on Trace, Delay, and Long-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in Developing Rats

The effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration lesions on later acquisition of eyeblink conditioning were examined in developing Long-Evans rat pups. Lesions on postnatal day (PND) 10 were followed by evaluation of trace eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 1) and delay eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2) on PND 25. Pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US, 100 ms) were presented in one of three conditioning paradigms: trace (380 ms CS, 500 ms trace interval, 880 ms interstimulus interval [ISI]), standard delay (380 ms CS, 280 ms ISI), or long delay (980 ms CS, 880 ms ISI). The results of two experiments indicated that hippocampal lesions impaired trace eyeblink conditioning more than either type of delay conditioning. In light of our previous work on the ontogeny of trace, delay, and long-delay eyeblink conditioning (Ivkovich, Paczkowski, & Stanton, 2000) showing that trace and long-delay eyeblink conditioning had similar ontogenetic profiles, the current data suggest that during ontogeny hippocampal maturation may be more important for the short-term memory component than for the long-ISI component of trace eyeblink conditioning. The late development of conditioning over long ISIs may depend on a separate process such as protracted development of cerebellar cortex.     

A Study of the Effects of Restraint Stress on Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulphate Sodium in Singly Housed Rats

The inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are multifactorial diseases. Clinical reports indicate that emotional stress may contribute to the onset, progression and remission of these diseases. Using an experimental animal model of ulcerative colitis, the effect of stress on the development of and recovery from symptoms was studied prospectively. Singly housed rats received 4 percent dextran sulphate sodium orally until fecal blood was detected, indicating the presence of colonic erosions. Tap water was then administered until there were no signs of fecal blood. Two hours of restraint stress were administered daily over four successive days, either prior to or after the induction of colitis. Latencies in days to symptom development and recovery were compared to an unstressed group. Daily measures of fluid-intake, body-weight, and hemoglobulin in feces were made. RESULTS: Rats exposed to restraint stress procedures prior to induction of colitis had shorter latencies to development of symptoms. There was no significant difference in latency to recovery. The amount of fluid-intake did not significantly differ between groups, nor did the groups differ in body-weight. CONCLUSION: There is an effect of stress on the latency to develop colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium. This preliminary study suggests that the impact of stress may be one factor underlying the emergence of ulcerative colitis.     

Bacterial Melanin Improves Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats

The effect of bacterial melanin (BM) solution on learning and memory impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats was studied. Male rats were injected intramuscularly with BM solution on the second day after bilateral permanent occlusion of the common carotid artery. Rats received 6 mg/ml (170 mg/kg) BM and performed significantly better in cognition tests compared with controls. The present findings demonstrate that the beneficial effects of BM injection on cognitive functions may be due to preventing neuropathological alterations, suppressing the inflammation process, stimulating vascularization and inhibiting oxidative damage. Obtained data suggest that BM has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegeneration caused by ischemia.     

冲动性对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱及行为敏感化的影响

许多研究显示, 冲动性与尼古丁、可卡因、海洛因等药物成瘾显著相关, 但它对吗啡成瘾的影响尚未见到报道。本实验考察冲动性对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱及行为敏感化的影响。实验采用延迟奖赏模型将大鼠的冲动性区分为高、中、低三个水平, 每个水平设置吗啡处理组和盐水处理组。结果发现：动物对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱的程度表现为低冲动组>中冲动组>高冲动组, 并且中、低冲动组动物形成了条件性位置偏爱而高冲动组没有形成这种偏爱; 在行为敏感化表达期, 与相应的盐水组比较, 高、中冲动组动物的吗啡运动激活效应显著, 而低冲动组没有达到显著水平。这些结果提示, 条件性位置偏爱任务中, 动物的冲动性越高, 吗啡的强化效应越低; 行为敏感化任务中, 动物的冲动性越高, 吗啡的运动激活效应越高。由此可见, 动物的冲动性对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱及行为敏感化的影响存在差异。     

Discordance in Recovery Between Altered Locomotion and Muscle Atrophy Induced by Simulated Microgravity in Rats

Exposure to a microgravity environment leads to adverse effects in motion and musculoskeletal properties. However, few studies have investigated the recovery of altered locomotion and muscle atrophy simultaneously. The authors investigated altered locomotion in rats submitted to simulated microgravity by hindlimb unloading for 2 weeks. Motion deficits were characterized by hyperextension of the knees and ankle joints and forward-shifted limb motion. Furthermore, these locomotor deficits did not revert to their original form after a 2-week recovery period, although muscle atrophy in the hindlimbs had recovered, implying discordance in recovery between altered locomotion and muscle atrophy, and that other factors such as neural drives might control behavioral adaptations to microgravity.     

早期剥夺所致大鼠抑郁样行为与海马BDNF mRNA表达变化

为探讨早期剥夺对大鼠行为与海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)mRNA表达的影响,将新生的SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组与早期剥夺组,早期剥夺组在出生后1～14d每天孤养4h。监测体重,在出生后36?64天进行液体消耗试验,每周一次。12w龄时,进行穿梭箱试验,酶联免疫法检测海马BDNF含量,原位杂交法观察海马BDNF mRNA的表达。早期剥夺组大鼠体重显著低于正常对照组(p0.01),糖水摄入量与糖水偏爱显著低于正常对照组(p0.05或p0.01)。穿梭箱试验中,早期剥夺组大鼠在训练时的穿梭反应次数显著少于正常对照组(p0.05),在测试时,两组大鼠的被动逃避行为、主动逃避行为与逃避错误次数无显著差异。早期剥夺组大鼠海马BDNF含量、CA1区和CA3区BDNF mRNA表达显著低于正常对照组(p=0.05或p0.05)。提示早期剥夺可导致大鼠生长减慢,表现出快感缺失的抑郁样行为,但未诱导成年大鼠表现出明显的习得性无助倾向,早期剥夺能下调成年大鼠海马BDNFmRNA的表达。