儿童早期到中期社交退缩行为的发展

本研究考察儿童早期到中期社交退缩行为的发展特点.采用实验室观察法,评价149名儿童4岁和7岁时的三种社交退缩行为——抑制行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩.结果表明,(1)儿童早期到中期,三种退缩行为明显减少,同伴互动显著增加.(2)儿童早期到中期,抑制行为和安静退缩有一定程度的稳定性,活跃退缩不稳定.(3)儿童早期某种社交退缩行为越多,该行为减少的幅度越大,三种社交退缩行为的发展都有趋近平均水平的倾向.(4)儿童中期,抑制行为可能存在向安静退缩转化的趋势.     

同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系

采用经典的心理理论任务、同伴提名法、父母教养方式问卷以及在游戏情境中观察同伴交往行为和亲子交往行为等多种方法,探讨同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系.88名3-6岁儿童及其家长参加了实验.研究结果表明:(1)交往类型中受欢迎儿童,其心理理论发展水平显著高于被拒绝和被忽视儿童.(2)民主型教养方式最有利于促进幼儿心理理论的发展,放任型教养方式最不利于幼儿心理理论的发展.(3)家长指导游戏的行为、分享情感的行为和使用心理状态术语的行为,有利于促进孩子心理理论的发展,而对孩子的冷漠最不利于孩子心理理论的发展.(4)相对于同伴交往,亲子交往对儿童心理理论的发展有更显著的预测力,其中家长和孩子的情感分享.对孩子遇到问题的解释及指导是促进孩子心理理论发展的重要影响因素.     

流浪儿童自我意识状况的调查研究

目的:对流浪儿童的自我意识状况进行调查。采用Perris自我意识量表对150名10-15岁的流浪儿童进行问卷调查,共回收了98份问卷,对流浪儿童的自我意识及其行为、智力与在校情况、躯体外貌与属性等六个维度进行了测查。结果:流浪儿童的自我意识得分与全国常模团体存在及其显著的差异,其自我意识水平显著低于全国常模最低水平(t=-14.137,p0.001)。但在性别、年级和民族变量上,除了智力与在校情况维度存在显著性别差异外,流浪儿童的自我意识总分及其六个维度并不存在显著差异。结论:流浪儿童的自我意识水平总体较低,低于全国常模最低水平。与非流浪儿童组相比,除了智力维度,在自我意识总分及五个维度上均存在显著差异,显著低于普通儿童,存在较多的行为、情绪问题,自我贬低、自信心不足等问题。     

关于目标结构对6——9岁儿童合作与竞争行为影响的实验研究

本研究从Deutsch 对目标结构的划分及定义出发,考察了目标结构对6—9岁儿童合作与竞争行为的影响。结果表明:(1)目标结构对6—9岁儿童合作与竞争行为有显著影响。(2)儿童在合作目标结构下,合作行为随年龄增长的趋势不明显.(3)在竞争目标结构下,竞争行为随年龄增长而明显增长。(4)儿童竞争策略的发展早于且优于合作策略的发展。     

学校危险和保护因素与初中生偏差行为的关系

学校危险因素和保护因素对初中生的偏差行为有重要影响.本研究以1739名初中学生为被试,考察了学校危险因素和保护因素及其与青少年偏差行为的关系.结果表明:(1)学校危险因素和保护因素分别与初中生偏差行为有显著的正相关和负相关;(2)学校危险因素得分随年级升高而增长,保护因素得分随年级升高而降低;(3)“偏差行为榜样”、“教师的支持”、“知觉到积极期望”是对初中生偏差行为有重要影响的三个学校环境因素.     

小学儿童英文音位识别的特点

以107名3年级儿童为对象,采用音位分割的测试方法,探讨小学儿童英文音位识别的特点.结果表明:(1)小学儿童在完成音位分割任务时并非总是以个体音位为基础,其行为结果受到语音学因素-响音度的影响.(2)字母名称结构对小学儿童英文音位分割行为的影响不显著.     

日常烦恼与农村留守儿童的偏差行为：亲子亲合的作用

以来自河南省农村的207名农村留守儿童为被试,主要探讨流动养育者、留守养育者与儿童间的亲合水平在降低儿童偏差行为上的直接作用及其对日常烦恼与偏差行为之间关系的调节作用。结果表明:(1)儿童经历的日常烦恼越多,其偏差行为越高;流动养育者、留守养育者与儿童的亲合水平越高,农村留守儿童的偏差行为越低。(2)流动养育者-儿童亲合能够显著调节日常烦恼与儿童偏差行为之间的关系,表现出了压力抵抗效应:在低亲合条件下,日常烦恼与偏差行为之间存在显著正相关;在高亲合条件下,二者之间的关联不再显著。(3)留守养育者-儿童亲合能够显著调节日常烦恼与偏差行为之间的关系,在单亲外出儿童群体中表现出了保护稳定性,在双亲外出儿童群体中表现出了保护的扩大化。这表明,养育者与儿童之间的紧密情感联系是降低农村留守儿童偏差行为的重要保护因素。     

故事情景下儿童回答问题的反应倾向

本研究选取5、6、8、10岁儿童各32名,采用故事情景来考察儿童处于不可回答问题情况下猜测答案的倾向.研究结果表明:(1)5～10岁儿童在故事情景下面对不可回答问题时存在猜测答案的倾向,且年龄差异不显著.(2)问题形式对儿童猜测答案的倾向有显著影响,较不可回答的开放问题,儿童在不可回答的封闭问题上的猜测答案倾向更强烈.(3)在不可回答的封闭问题上,儿童倾向给出否定的答案.     

4-12岁儿童特质识别的发展研究

研究以4岁、5岁、7岁、10岁和12岁组共160名儿童为被试,考察了儿童特质识别的发展情况.结果发现:(1)各年龄组儿童对积极和消极特质、对能力、社会道德和内部状态领域特质的识别成绩,均显著高于概率成绩,表明儿童从4岁起就已经能够从行为描述中识别出相应的特质.(2)儿童的特质识别成绩随年龄增长呈规律性变化,4～7岁期间儿童特质识别成绩快速提高,7岁后则相对平稳.(3)儿童对积极和消极特质的识别成绩之间无显著差异,但对社会道德特质的识别成绩显著高于能力特质和内部状态特质.(4)从整体上看,儿童识别积极特质的确定程度显著高于消极特质,识别社会道德特质和内部状态特质的确定程度均显著高于能力特质.     

初中二年级学生学习困难、人际关系、自我接纳对心理健康的影响

以134名初中二年级学生为被试,采用协方差结构模型对学习困滩、人际关系、自我接纳与心理健康的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)学习困难对心理健康有显著的负面影响;自我接纳对心理健康有显著的正面影响.(2)学习困难对亲子关系和师生关系有显著负面影响.(3)亲子关系对自我接纳有显著的正面影响.     

The Development of Defense Mechanisms

ABSTRACT It is proposed that defense mechanisms may be characterized as forming a hierarchy, from least to most complex, and that the lowest level defenses emerge early in life, while the more complex defenses emerge later in development Three defenses–Denial, Projection and Identification–were chosen to test this assumption A method for assessing the use of these defenses in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories was developed and validated in a study of four age groups preschool, elementary school, early adolescent, and late adolescent The results of the study were consistent with the prediction Denial was used most frequently by preschool children, and decreased in use thereafter Identification was used minimally by preschool children but increased steadily through adolescence The use of Projection was most frequent in the two middle age groups Some evidence for sex differences, based on the internal/external orientation of the defense, also was found     

Personality in Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia: A Rorschach Study

In this study, we tested several hypotheses derived from self psychology (Diamond, 1987) regarding personality features of patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDA). PDA patients are thought to suffer from a deficit in negative affect-regulating capacity, surrounded by defenses such as avoidance, repression, denial, and reaction formation against dependency needs. These defenses are thought to lead to a greatly impoverished affective life. The Rorschach Comprehensive System was used to assess the personality features of avoidance, restricted affective life, and reaction formation against dependency needs. We found evidence for the presence of a highly avoidant information-processing style (86% of protocols had lambda [L] > .99) and a constricted affective life (low weighted sum color [WSumC] and low affective ratio [Afr]). Our results were consistent with the hypothesis of reaction formation against dependency needs (low food content [Fd]). Findings are discussed in light of studies that found a high incidence of avoidant personality disorder in PDA patients.     

Personality in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a Rorschach study.

In this study, we tested several hypotheses derived from self psychology (Diamond, 1987) regarding personality features of patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDA). PDA patients are thought to suffer from a deficit in negative affect-regulating capacity, surrounded by defenses such as avoidance, repression, denial, and reaction formation against dependency needs. These defenses are thought to lead to a greatly impoverished affective life. The Rorschach Comprehensive System was used to assess the personality features of avoidance, restricted affective life, and reaction formation against dependency needs. We found evidence for the presence of a highly avoidant information-processing style (86% of protocols had lambda [L] greater than .99) and a constricted affective life (low weighted sum color [WSumC] and low affective ratio [Afr]). Our results were consistent with the hypothesis of reaction formation against dependency needs (low food content [Fd]). Findings are discussed in light of studies that found a high incidence of avoidant personality disorder in PDA patients.     

The effects of aging on remembering intentions: performance on a simulated shopping task

Three studies are described in which age differences on a task measuring memory for delayed intentions using naturalistic stimuli were examined. A simulated street scene was constructed from a network of photographs and sounds that participants could move through using a touch screen while completing a series of event‐based shopping errand instructions. The objective of the research was to identify the cognitive processes involved in the task that were vulnerable to the effects of ageing. Memory search but not cue detection was specifically affected in older persons when participants were given fewer trials to learn the instructions. There was no age specific effect on cue detection or memory search in either an unfamiliar street or one with increased levels of irrelevant visual and auditory noise. Cue detection but not memory search was disproportionately affected in older persons after filled interruptions, suggesting that the capacity for self‐initiated reinstatement of working memory is reduced in old age. In general, using a computer‐based simulation of a real‐life task was found to be a practical means of examining the effects on behaviour and cognition of task parameters that are significant in assessing everyday memory abilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The resiliency of street children in Brazil

This study examined the relationship between social support and the ability of Brazilian adolescents to adapt to life on the streets. Participants included thirty male street children in Rio de Janeiro. These youths, and a comparison group, were 13 to 18 years old. It was hypothesized that street children with more social support would adapt better to life on the streets. It was also hypothesized that street children with higher quality support would adapt better. Findings indicated that neither quantity nor quality of social support was related to adaptation. The implications of these findings with regard to the resiliency of street children are discussed.     

The relationship between defense mechanisms,trait anxiety and need for approval

The current study investigated the relationship between three personality constructs, defense mechanisms as measured by the DMI (Gleser and Ihilevich, 1969), trait anxiety, and need for approval (nApp). 92 undergraduates completed the DMI, Spielberger, Gorsuch and Lushene (1970) A-Trait scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability [MC-SD] scale. It was found that for females, defenses that turn anger towards others or towards the self were positively related to trait anxiety while defenses such as denial, repression, rationalization and intellectualization were negatively related to trait anxiety. No relations between defenses and A-Trait were found for males. It was also found that the approval motivated subjects reported less A-Trait as compared to low-nApp individuals and preferred to use socially desirable defenses such as repression, denying or reaction formation. Those who scored low on nApp preferred to use defenses which are less socially desirable. Gender differences in the effectiveness and social desirability of the different defenses are discussed.     

Use of the TAT to Measure Change in Defense Mechanisms Following Intensive Psychotherapy

Changes in the use of defense mechanisms (denial, projection, and identification) were examined over a period of approximately 15 months of intensive treatment of 90 seriously disturbed young adults who were hospitalized in an intensive, open, long-term treatment setting. Patients independently judged to have primarily an anaclitic or an introjective personality configuration (Blatt, 1974, Blatt & Shichman, 1983) were assessed for psychiatric symptoms and aspects of interpersonal behavior both on admission and after an average of 15 months of treatment. Findings based on an independent assessment of TAT protocols at these two times indicated a significant (p < .05) decline in total use of defenses for the entire sample, but especially for introjective patients. Further, this decline in total use of defenses in the TAT was significantly associated with a reduction in psychiatric symptoms. Also, sex-incongruent patients (anaclitic men and introjective women) were found to rise different defenses and to change in ways different from sex-congruent patients (anaclitic women and introjective men).     

Use of the TAT to measure change in defense mechanisms following intensive psychotherapy

Changes in the use of defense mechanisms (denial, projection, and identification) were examined over a period of approximately 15 months of intensive treatment of 90 seriously disturbed young adults who were hospitalized in an intensive, open, long-term treatment setting. Patients independently judged to have primarily an anaclitic or an introjective personality configuration (Blatt, 1974; Blatt & Shichman, 1983) were assessed for psychiatric symptoms and aspects of interpersonal behavior both on admission and after an average of 15 months of treatment. Findings based on an independent assessment of TAT protocols at these two times indicated a significant (p less than .05) decline in total use of defenses for the entire sample, but especially for introjective patients. Further, this decline in total use of defenses in the TAT was significantly associated with a reduction in psychiatric symptoms. Also, sex-incongruent patients (anaclitic men and introjective women) were found to use different defenses and to change in ways different from sex-congruent patients (anaclitic women and introjective men).     

Socioeconomic deprivation and the development of neuropsychological functions: A study with “street children” in Ecuador

Socioeconomic status (SES) is known to have a considerable influence on the development of neuropsychological functions. In particular there is strong evidence for less efficient development of prefrontal-cortex-related functions in children raised in low-SES households. “Street children” are a common feature of low SES in many low- and middle-income countries, and some researchers have suggested that the unique life experiences of street children may drive their neurocognitive development. This study compares a group of 36 former street children in Quito, Ecuador with a control group of 26 never street-connected schoolchildren. All children were assessed with a range of neuropsychological tests. Although the street children group performed significantly below the level of the control group on all measures, they did not demonstrate a generalized lower ability. By controlling the effects of fluid intelligence it was found that there are relatively independent effects on visuospatial ability and executive planning ability. Furthermore, the executive function test scores in general are significantly less affected than the other cognitive functions and may be temporary effects caused by recent substance abuse within the street child sample. The findings generally support results from other countries suggesting that low SES is associated with negative effects on neuropsychological development. However, they also suggest that the local social and economic context, such as in the case of street children, might mitigate the harmful effects of low SES on the development of some executive functions.     

死亡意识的恐惧管理和悲伤管理

基于悲伤情绪的功能及效应,提出死亡意识的“悲伤管理假设”。实验1采用电生理、微表情、主观报告等方法探索死亡意识伴随的情绪变化;实验2和实验3对比死亡意识的“悲伤管理”和“恐惧管理”,并探索情绪的中介作用。结果发现：死亡意识诱发悲伤和恐惧(尤其是悲伤),且死亡反思诱发更多的悲伤;恐惧在死亡意识与外在人生目标间起中介作用;悲伤(而非恐惧)背景音乐下,死亡意识使个体更重视内在人生目标。上述结果为死亡意识的“悲伤管理”提供了实证依据,表明在悲伤的情绪中加工死亡意识可能促进个体的内在成长,这对疫情等社会灾难时期的心理救援具有启示意义。