中国人人际情感的差序格局关系:来自EAST的证据

本研究采用外部情感西蒙任务(EAST),以36名大学生为被试对自我词及亲人、熟人、陌生人三种人际关系词与积极情感和消极情感的关系进行探究,从而检验个体对自我和不同人际关系对象的情感是否存在差序格局的表现形式。结果显示,在EAST中,对自我词和亲人词作积极反应比作消极反应时间更短;对陌生人词作消极反应比作积极反应时间更短;对熟人词作积极反应和消极反应的时间差异不明显。并且,自我词的EAST效应值最大,接着依次是亲人词和熟人词;陌生人词的EAST效应值为负值。表明了在个体的认知图式中,对自我、亲人持有积极的情感,而对陌生人持有消极的情感,对熟人情感偏向不明显;且不同人际关系在情感的联结强度上表现出差序格局的形式。     

青少年特质情感、朋友冲突解决策略对友谊质量的影响

为考察特质情感对青少年友谊质量的影响机制,以638名小学四年级至初中三年级青少年为被试,用问卷法考察青少年朋友冲突解决策略的类型和特点,采用结构方程模型进行分析。结果表明:(1)青少年朋友冲突解决策略类型包括反省和解、说服建议、消极情绪、忽视回避和攻击伤害五种,女生的反省和解策略得分高于男生,男生的攻击伤害策略得分高于女生。(2)积极情感以积极解决策略为中介预测积极友谊质量,积极情感还对积极友谊质量具有直接预测作用。(3)消极情感通过积极和消极的解决策略为中介,分别预测积极友谊质量和消极友谊质量;消极情感对于友谊质量没有直接预测作用。说明积极情感与消极情感是通过不同的路径、相对独立地影响友谊质量。     

儿童基本心理需要满足对上网行为和上网情感的影响：一项追踪研究

在自我决定理论的框架下,对467名3~5年级小学生进行为期12个月的追踪调查,以探讨儿童基本心理需要满足对其上网行为和上网情感发展的影响。结果发现：（1）3~5年级儿童的上网时间、上网积极情感和上网消极情感在一年间存在着显著减少的发展趋势;（2）基本心理需要满足能够预测上网积极情感的增加和上网消极情感的减少,对上网时间发展的预测不显著;（3）自主、胜任和关系这三个维度对儿童上网情感的发展都起着重要作用。     

员工职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度与心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度对心理健康水平的影响。方法：运用问卷调查法测量了南京市移动公司共132名员工（剔除无效后获得有效问卷113份）的职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度和心理健康水平。所用工具分别是职业倦怠问卷（MBI中文修订）,简易应对方式量表,生活满意度指数（LSIA）,症状自评量表（SCL-90）。结果：（1）职业倦怠三个维度与症状自评量表总分存在显著相关（0.655;0.502;0.365）。（2）简易应对方式量表中,积极应对方式与症状自评量表存在负相关（-0.134）,消极应对方式与症状自评量表存在显著正相关（0.460）。（3）职业倦怠量表的情感枯竭,讥诮态度和简易应对方式量表的消极应对方式对心理健康有一定的预测效应。（4）生活满意度指数与症状自评量表没有达到显著相关,且该指数对心理健康没有明显的预测作用。     

中国大陆、香港和美国大学生主观幸福感比较

采用量表法对中国大陆、香港和美国三个地区的大学生被试的主观幸福感(SWB)进行了比较。差异检验表明,在总体SWB水平上,三个地区没有表现出显著差异,但在生活满意感、积极情感和消极情感维度上差异都显著。分层回归的结果发现,经济状况、社会关系和外在价值变量对三个地区大学生的生活满意感和积极情感都作出了增值贡献;外在准则变量对三个地区的消极情感作出了增值贡献。     

情感一致性对刻板印象激活的影响

情感一致性是指情感具身反应(情感感受、表情及情感的相关身体动作等)和情感认知评价(情感观念性内容,积极或消极)在效价层面上的耦合关系。实验以89名大学生为被试,考察了情感一致性对(性别)刻板印象的影响。实验通过音乐启动相应的情感感受(积极或消极)操纵情感具身反应,采用快速组句任务启动相应的情感信念(积极或消极)操纵情感认知评价,89名被试被随机分配到四种实验条件下,最后所有被试参与(性别)刻板印象IAT测验。结果发现:情感不一致条件促进(性别)刻板印象激活;情感一致性没有导致流畅性的变化;情感感受调节了消极阈下情感信念对刻板印象激活的作用。     

情感启发式对风险选择的影响

本研究旨在考察情感启发式对风险选择的影响。研究1采用线上和线下结合的方式对687名大学生进行问卷施测,修订并检验中文版情感启发式问卷的信效度,以该问卷测试的风险−收益相关系数作为衡量情感启发式倾向的指标。研究2采用极端被试法,在103名大学生完成问卷后,将风险−收益相关系数绝对值前20%和后20%的被试分为高、低情感启发式组,完成风险选择任务。结果发现：（1）中文版情感启发式问卷具有较好的信度与效度,可以作为情感启发式倾向的测试问卷。（2）风险选择任务激活负性情绪时,相比于低情感启发式倾向,高情感启发式倾向的被试更容易受负性情绪的影响,其风险判断的主观值更高。研究揭示了情感启发式对风险选择的影响,为情感启发式作为个体进行风险判断的重要依据提供了实证支持。     

大学生情感意志和心理状态

章首先谈到情感意志的反映和表现,然后论述了情感对大学生的积极和消极影响,并且分析了消极情感的发生,不良影响以及调节意见以及影响心理状态的因素。例举了不良心理状态对大学生的影响,分析了原因和提出了解决方法。     

流动儿童的人格特点对主观幸福感的影响

该文探讨大五人格、乐观和掌控感对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响。运用幸福感自我评定量表、积极情感／消极情感量表（PANAS）修订版、学生总体生活满意度量表（SLSS）、学生多维生活领域满意度量表（MSLSS）、人格五因素问卷、生活取向测验修订版和掌控感量表对1018名流动儿童和319名城市儿童进行调查。结果：1）流动儿童的总体幸福感为7、0,正性情感多于负性情感,总体生活满意度为2、9;2）在正性人格特征（外向性、宜人性、谨慎性、开放性乐观和掌控感）得分上：打工校流动儿童〈混合校流动儿童〈公立校城市儿童,在负性人格特征（情绪性）则相反;3）对主观幸福感的分层回归分析显示外向性、神经质、开放性、掌控感和乐观对主观幸福感有着稳定且显著的影响作用,其中人格五因素起着主要的预测作用。结论：流动儿童的主观幸福整体偏上,打工校流动儿童的人格健全状况最差,人格五因素对主观幸福感起着主要的影响作用。     

青少年学校幸福感量表的编制

本研究提出了青少年学校幸福感的概念并进行了理论构建,以此为基础自行编制了青少年学校幸福感量表。对中学生进行问卷调查的结果进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,研究结果如下:(1)在中国青少年学生学校生活背景下,学校幸福感由学校满意度、在校积极情感和在校消极情感三种成分组成;(2)学校满意度是一个由成就感、学校管理、师生关系、同学关系、教学和课业学习组成的六维结构,在校积极和消极情感均为单维结构;(3)本研究所编制的青少年学校幸福感量表(Adolescents’ School Well-Being Scale)具有较好的信度与效度,可供同类研究使用。     

情绪自旋及其心理健康功能

情绪自旋是度量核心情绪个体内可变性的一种非认知性的人格特质。其通常采用经验取样法或日间重构法来对个体核心情绪状态进行每日动态跟踪, 并根据测评周期内的核心情绪空间位置的矢量角度的跨时间标准差来反映个体核心情绪状态的时间波动特性。基于情绪事件理论, 日常负性事件经历及其评估导致了个体情绪自旋的产生, 而动态情绪模型进一步解释了情绪自旋对心理健康功能的阻碍作用。未来应在情绪自旋的心理健康作用机制方面进行深入研究。     

A Longitudinal Person-Centered Perspective on Positive and Negative Affect at Work

Abstract

This research examines how the direction and intensity of employee’s positive and negative affect at work combine within different profiles, and the relations between these profiles and theoretically-relevant predictors (psychological need satisfaction and supervisor autonomy support) and outcomes (work-family conflict, absenteeism, and turnover intentions). A total sample of 491 firefighters completed our measures initially, and 139 of those completed the same measures again four months later, allowing us to examine the stability of these affect profiles over time. Latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses revealed five identical profiles across the two measurements occasions: (1) Low Negative Affect Facilitators; (2) Moderately Low Positive Affect Incapacitators; (3) High Positive Affect Facilitators; (4) Very Low Positive Affect Incapacitators; and (5) Normative. Membership into Profiles 3, 4, and 5 was very stable over time. In contrast, Profiles 1 and 2 were associated with a highly unstable membership over time. The highest levels of work-family conflict, absenteeism, and turnover intentions were associated with the Very Low Positive Affect Incapacitators. In contrast, the lowest levels of turnover intentions were associated with the Low Negative Affect Facilitators and High Positive Affect Facilitators.     

Exploring Criterion Confounding in the Measurement of Binge Eating Symptoms and Negative Affect

Common measures of eating disorder symptoms contain affect-related items. When associations between negative affect and eating disorder symptoms are examined, criterion confounding is possible. The current study explored whether criterion confounding biases estimates of relations between symptoms of binge eating and negative affect. Data were collected from first-year university student women via 14-day web-based daily diaries. The Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey (MEBS) measured daily symptoms of binge eating, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) measured daily negative affect. The inclusion of affect-related items in the MEBS biased mean level tests of negative affect, correlations of negative affect with symptoms of binge eating, and associations between the likelihood of reporting behavioral symptoms of binge eating and same-day negative affect. Converging results demonstrated the need to measure associated features and risk factors separately from problematic eating behavior symptoms.

Problem Clarity as a Moderator between Trait Affect and Self‐Perceived Creativity

Empirical studies on the relationship between affect and creativity often produce conflicting results. This inconsistency has led us to believe that the relationship between affect and creativity may be better understood by looking at potential moderators. Our study looked specifically at trait affect and self‐perceived creativity. Using the Affect Infusion Model (AIM) theory with problem clarity as the potential moderator, we hypothesized that when individuals are faced with problems that lack clarity, trait affect has greater sway over their self‐perceived creativity. Our results provided evidence that problem clarity moderated the relationship between positive trait affect and self‐perceived creativity; the positive relationship between positive trait affect and self‐perceived creativity is stronger when problem clarity is low and weaker when problem clarity is high. No moderating effect was found in the relationship between negative trait affect and self‐perceived creativity.     

自我同情和睡眠质量的关系：积极和消极情绪与自我控制的中介作用

为探究积极和消极情绪与自我控制在自我同情与睡眠质量间的中介机制,采用问卷法对477名成人进行调查,建立结构方程模型对中介效应进行检验。结果发现：（1）自我同情、积极情绪、自我控制和睡眠质量两两之间均为显著正相关,而上述变量与消极情绪均为显著负相关;（2）自我同情可分别以积极情绪、消极情绪和自我控制为中介来预测睡眠质量;还可依靠消极情绪与自我控制的链式中介效应来间接预测睡眠质量;但是,自我同情对睡眠质量的直接效应不显著。该研究结果为改善睡眠质量提供了新的干预视角。     

Differences in the Between‐Person and Within‐Person Structures of Affect Are a Matter of Degree

This study tested whether the structure of affect observed on the basis of between‐person (BP) differences is equivalent to the affect structures that organize the variability of affective states within persons (WP) over time. Further aims were to identify individual differences in the degree of divergence between the WP and BP structure and examine its association to dispositional and contextual variables (neuroticism, extraversion, well‐being and stress). In 100 daily sessions, 101 younger adults rated their mood on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Variability of five negative affect items across time was so low that they were excluded from the analyses. We thus worked with a modified negative affect subscale. WP affect structures diverged reliably from the BP structure, with individual differences in the degree of divergence. Differences in the WP structural characteristics and the degree of divergence could be predicted by well‐being and stress. We conclude that BP and WP structures of affect are not equivalent and that BP and WP variation should be considered as distinct phenomena. It would be wrong, for example, to conceive of positive and negative affect as independent at the WP level, as suggested by BP findings. Yet, individual differences in WP structural characteristics are related to stable BP differences, and the degree to which individuals' affect structures diverge from the BP structure can provide important insights into intraindividual functioning. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology     

The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure

This study examined the degree of independence between Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) within a given situation. The affective state was measured before and after an experimentally induced success or failure experience in an anagram task. Two types of affect measures were used to assess PA and NA: the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and a Pleasantness-Unpleasantness scale. Consistent with our hypotheses, results show that PA and NA are independent when measured with the PANAS but are correlated when assessed with the other scale. These PA-NA correlations differed significantly from each other before and after emotion induction, respectively. Additional analyses indicate that both PA scales are differentially sensitive to the mood induction procedure. The findings are discussed with respect to circumplex models of emotion.     

Reliability and validity of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List - Revised

A recent factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) changed the Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility scales from bipolar to unipolar scales and added two new scales: Positive Affect and Sensation Seeking. Internal reliability of the MAACL-R scales, computed for normal and patient samples, was adequate for state and trait forms except for Sensation Seeking. Test-retest reliability in college students was higher for the trait form with retest intervals of from 2 to 8 weeks than for the state form with retest intervals of from 2 to 5 days. The pattern of correlations among self-, peer, and counselor ratings and the MAACL-R scales for normal and patient samples indicates improved discriminant validity and equally good convergent validity as the old scales. The use of standard scores that are indexed to the number of items checked reduced scale intercorrelations by controlling the acquiescence set.The financial support of the Weldon Springs Endowment Fund, University of Missouri at Kansas City, toward the completion of this research project is gratefully acknowledged.