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1.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(3):253-270
In Men, Religion, and Melancholia: James, Otto, Jung, and Erikson (D. Capps, 1997) and Men and Their Religion: Honor, Hope, and Humor (D. Capps, 2002), I argued that men are no less religious than women, but their religiousness is different from that of women because it
has its psychological origins in the emotional separation between a boy and his mother around the ages of three to five. Employing
Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” (S. Freud, 1917/1963) essay, I suggested that their religiousness is rooted in an ontological state of melancholy (which
is different from the psychological state of depression). In Men and Their Religion I identified the religions of honor and of hope as the primary forms of male melancholic religion, and suggested that humor
is a third form that may come to one’s assistance when one experiences the limitations of the other two religions. In this
article, I focus on my own early adolescent years (age 11–14) and explain how one boy became reliably religious, that is, how he embraced or internalized the religions of honor and of hope. In the companion article, I will
explain how these two religions were relativized—and thereby preserved—by the religion of humor. 相似文献
2.
Michael Cholbi 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(5):495-510
Assertions of statements such as ‘it’s raining, but I don’t believe it’ are standard examples of what is known as Moore’s
paradox. Here I consider moral equivalents of such statements, statements wherein individuals affirm moral judgments while
also expressing motivational indifference to those judgments (such as ‘hurting animals for fun is wrong, but I don’t care’).
I argue for four main conclusions concerning such statements: 1. Such statements are genuinely paradoxical, even if not contradictory.
2. This paradoxicality can be traced to a form of epistemic self-defeat that also explains the paradoxicality of ordinary
Moore-paradoxical statements. 3. Although a simple form of internalism about moral judgment and motivation can explain the
paradoxicality of these moral equivalents, a more plausible explanation can be provided that does not rely on this simple
form of internalism. 4. The paradoxicality of such statements suggests a more credible understanding of the thesis that those
who are not motivated by their moral judgments are irrational. 相似文献
3.
Durham IA 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(1):132-144
Drawing on Donald Capps’ discussion in Men
and
Their
Religion (2000) on the development of the melancholy self in early childhood and the emergence of three religious impulses as a consequence
of its development (the religions of honor, hope, and humor), this article focuses on the early childhood experience of Richard
Pryor and the role that the religion of humor plays in helping him cope with these experiences. Particular attention is given
to his grandmother’s paradoxical role in his life and his identification of her as his spiritual mother. 相似文献
4.
Titus George 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(4):581-590
Human suffering speaks differently to different lived contexts. In this paper, I have taken a metaphoric representation of
suffering, Ishvara, from the lived context of a Hindu immigrant woman to show that suffering is experienced and expressed within one’s lived
context. Further, a dominant narrative from her world is presented to show that the same lived context can be a resource for
spiritual care that could reconstruct her world that has fallen apart with a suffering experience. Having argued that suffering
is experienced and expressed within one’s lived context, and that lived context could be a resource, in this paper I present
that spiritual care is an intervention into the predicaments of human suffering and its mandate is to facilitate certain direction
and a meaningful order through which experiences and expectations are rejoined. Finally, I observe that spiritual care is
an engagement between the lived context where suffering is experienced and the spiritual experience and orientation of the
caregiver. 相似文献
5.
Jean H. M. Wagemans 《Argumentation》2011,25(3):329-339
In this contribution, I will develop a comprehensive tool for the reconstruction and evaluation of argumentation from expert
opinion. This is done by analyzing and then combining two dialectical accounts of this type of argumentation. Walton’s account
of the ‘appeal to expert opinion’ provides a number of useful, but fairly unsystematic suggestions for critical questions
pertaining to argumentation from expert opinion. The pragma-dialectical account of ‘argumentation from authority’ offers a
clear and systematic, but fairly general framework for the reconstruction and evaluation of this type of argumentation. The
tool is developed by incorporating Walton’s critical questions into a pragma-dialectical framework. 相似文献
6.
Charles E. Harris Jr. 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):321-331
Increasing numbers of engineers from developed countries are employed during some part of their careers in lesser-developed
nations (LDN’s), or they may design products for use in LDN’s. Yet determining the implications of professional engineering
codes for engineers’ conduct in such settings can be difficult. Conditions are often substantially different from those in
developed countries, where the codes were formulated. In this paper I explore the implications of what I call the “welfare
requirement” in engineering codes for professional engineering conduct in LDN’s.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
7.
Jonathan Sutton 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(2):107-135
This is an examination of two essays on minimal religion by Mikhail Epstein (1982 and 1999), assessing the usefulness of the
term ‘minimal religion’ for the analysis of religion in contemporary Russia.
An adapted version of a paper delivered at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), University of London,
on 8 December, 2003. Note regarding Mikhail Epstein’s use of the words ‘religion’, ‘religiosity’ and ‘spirituality’: Epstein
uses the word ‘religion’ to signify ‘mainstream’, church-based manifestations of religion and also the institutional, hierarchical
structures related to those. Although in English usage the word ‘religiosity’ has negative connotations – signifying either
a superficially felt religious sentiment or a somehow false and insincere expression of religious feeling, intended for outward
show – Epstein appears to use the term entirely neutrally. For him it simply serves as a synonym for the word ‘spirituality’.
In the two essays examined in the present article the word ‘spirituality’ signifies the whole inner spiritual life and aspirations
of the individual and her/his reflection on an ethical way of living, whether the person concerned is a committed, church-going
believer, or someone engaged in a personal spiritual or philosophical quest for meaning, or else someone who has experienced
what Epstein refers to as ‘the wilderness’ of the Soviet years and has learnt of a spiritual dimension to life through that
formative experience. 相似文献
8.
9.
Croom AM 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(1):90-117
Aesthetic non-cognitivists deny that aesthetic statements express genuinely aesthetic beliefs and instead hold that they work
primarily to express something non-cognitive, such as attitudes of approval or disapproval, or desire. Non-cognitivists deny
that aesthetic statements express aesthetic beliefs because they deny that there are aesthetic features in the world for aesthetic
beliefs to represent. Their assumption, shared by scientists and theorists of mind alike, was that language-users possess
cognitive mechanisms with which to objectively grasp abstract rules fixed independently of human responses, and that cognizers
are thereby capable of grasping rules for the correct application of aesthetic concepts without relying on evaluation or enculturation.
However, in this article I use Wittgenstein’s rule-following considerations to argue that psychological theories grounded
upon this so-called objective model of rule-following fail to adequately account for concept acquisition and mastery. I argue
that this is because linguistic enculturation, and the perceptual learning that’s often involved, influences and enables the
mastery of aesthetic concepts. I argue that part of what’s involved in speaking aesthetically is to belong to a cultural practice of making sense of things aesthetically, and that it’s within a socio-linguistic community, and that community’s practices, that such aesthetic
sense can be made intelligible. 相似文献
10.
I. C. V. Thuné-Boyle J. Stygall M. R. S. Keshtgar T. I. Davidson S. P. Newman 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(2):203-218
The use of religious/spiritual resources may increase when dealing with the stress of a cancer diagnosis. However, there has
been very little research conducted into changes in religious/spiritual beliefs and practices as a result of a cancer diagnosis
outside the USA. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a breast cancer diagnosis on patients’ religious/spiritual
beliefs and practices in the UK where religious practice is different. The study used two methods. One compared the religious/spiritual
beliefs and practices of 202 patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer with those of a control group of healthy women (n = 110). The other examined patients’ perceived change in religious/spiritual beliefs and practices at the time of surgery
with those in the year prior to surgery. The aspects of religiousness/spirituality assessed were: levels of religiosity/spirituality,
strength of faith, belief in God as well as private and public practices. Patient’s perceived their belief in God, strength
of faith and private religious/spiritual practices to have significantly increased shortly after surgery compared with the
year prior to surgery. However, there were no significant differences in religious/spiritual beliefs and practices between
patients and healthy participants. Change scores demonstrated both a reduction and an increase in religious/spiritual beliefs
and practices. Although belief in God, strength of faith and private religious/spiritual practices were perceived by patients
to be significantly higher after their cancer diagnosis, no significant differences in religious/spiritual beliefs and practices
were found between the cancer group at the time of surgery and the control group. Different methodologies appear to produce
different results and may explain contradictions in past US studies. Limitations of this study are discussed and suggestions
for future research are made. 相似文献
11.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(4):411-430
In my companion article on the making of the reliably religious boy (D. Capps, 2006c) I presented my argument that, whereas
the younger boy of three to five is becoming religious as a result of his emotional separation from his mother, the early
adolescent boy (age 11–14) has become reliably religious in that he has developed a religious habit of mind, a habit reflected in his embrace of the religions of honor
and hope. I presented myself as a case study in this regard. I noted, however, that there is a third form of religion, that
of humor, and that it relativizes—and thereby preserves—the religions of honor and hope. I also noted that religion and spirituality
are capable of being differentiated. I suggested that my own spirituality took the form of rebellion and that this spirit
of rebellion fueled and was fueled by the religion of humor. Employing Freud’s writings on humor, I explain in this article
how this works. 相似文献
12.
While there is much literature on autonomy and the conditions for its attainment, there is less on how those conditions reflect
on agents’ ordinary careers. Most people’s careers involve a great deal of subservient activity that would prevent the kind
of control over agents’ actions that autonomy would seem to require. Yet, it would seem strange to deny autonomy to every
agent who regularly follows orders at work—to do so would make autonomy a futile ideal. Most contemporary autonomy accounts
provide purely theoretical analysis without reference to any practical goal that autonomy could serve. These accounts are
likely to resolve this issue in one direction: either almost entirely including or excluding subservient workers from autonomy.
Either solution would fail to distinguish agents who sufficiently control their lives, in spite of limited subservience, according
to their own standards, from agents for whom subservience precludes a fulfilling life. I suggest the solution lies in a return
to goal-oriented autonomy accounts, which can use the goal to distinguish when subservience overwhelms autonomy from when
subservience and autonomy can coexist. I present an account that anchors autonomy in the happiness that it provides for agents
who sufficiently control their lives as determined by their more important prudential standards. On this account, agents in
subservient careers can be autonomous if they determine how to make their careers consistent with their happiness. 相似文献
13.
Andrea Bianchi 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(2):237-249
Everyone knows what David Lewis’ possible worlds are, what role they play in his account of possibility and necessity, and
Saul Kripke’s criticisms. But what, instead, are Kripke’s possible worlds, and what role do they play in his account of possibility
and necessity? The answers are not so obvious. Recently, it has even been claimed that, contrary to what is standardly assumed,
Kripke’s approach to modality has not always been consistently metaphysical. In particular, an interpretation of the famous
passage in the preface to Naming and Necessity with Kripke’s discussion of the dice example has been put forward, according to which he purports there to clarify the modal
notions in terms of that of possible world, model-theoretically construed, in a way which is reminiscent of Carnap’s. In this
paper, I shall point out some internal difficulties of this interpretation, and offer a different one, according to which
in the dice passage Kripke is trying, consistently with his metaphysical approach, to legitimize the technically useful notion
of possible world starting from modal notions, to be accounted for in another way (arguably, in an essentialistic framework).
My final goal, however, will be philosophical elucidation rather than mere exegesis. Indeed, I am interested in shedding some
light on what possible worlds might possibly be, if something like Kripke’s metaphysical approach is on the right track. 相似文献
14.
Field-ground reversal underlies Islamic art's use of repeating geometric patterns or tessellations. Encounter with field-ground
reversal suggests the notion of ‘oscillationism’ to mean willingness to oscillate between two equally plausible opposites
rather than to affirm one or the other of them. This article explores oscillationism as a move for confronting theories of
evil and for assessing the merits of foundationalism without succumbing to cognitive dissonance. The article goes on to examine
F.D.E. Schleiermacher's suggestion of 1799 that the infinitude of God calls for more, not fewer religions. His reversal of
Christian and Muslim assumptions puts contemporary debate in the theology of religions into a postmodernist perspective. Without
supplying fresh answers, the spiritual practice of oscillationism provides a fresh way to frame some of the weightiest questions. 相似文献
15.
Barbara Gabriella Renzi 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2009,40(2):311-336
In this paper I propose a type-hierarchy approach to provide an intersubjective framework for the evaluation of evolutionary
analogies. This approach develops David Hull’s and others’ attempts to provide full generalisation for selection processes,
in order to show that sociocultural development and, particularly, scientific change can be considered as an instance of Darwinian
selection. I argue that the recent work by Eileen Cornell Way on type hierarchies can offer the kind of generalisation needed
to solve the main problems that still affect Hull’s theory and to show that the evolutionary analogy is, after all, only a
particular way of grouping phenomena together. If Hull’s main objective is a unified theory of selection, which supports the
idea that science selection and natural selection obey the same laws, I also argue that the type hierarchy approach to models
shows that this objective is unsustainable as it stands, and is in need of further development. I will firstly introduce the
general outline of the type hierarchy approach to models. Then, after a brief recapitulation of Hull’s main points and difficulties,
I will try and construct a hierarchy for a general abstraction of selection processes. Finally I will introduce the main criticisms
that Hull’s work has faced from philosophers and scientists, and show how they compare with my proposal. 相似文献
16.
Daniel James McArthur 《Synthese》2011,179(3):361-376
In this paper I consider two accounts of scientific discovery, Robert Hudson’s and Peter Achinstein’s. I assess their relative
success and I show that while both approaches are similar in promising ways, and address experimental discoveries well, they
could address the concerns of the discovery sceptic more explicitly than they do. I also explore the implications of their
inability to address purely theoretical discoveries, such as those often made in mathematical physics. I do so by showing
that extending Hudson’s or Achinstein’s account to such cases can sometimes provide a misleading analysis about who ought
to be credited as a discoverer. In the final sections of the paper I work out some revisions to the Hudson/Achinstein account
by drawing from a so-called structural realist view of theory change. Finally, I show how such a modified account of discovery
can answer sceptical critics such as Musgrave or Woolgar without producing misleading analyses about who ought to receive
credit as a discoverer in cases from the mathematical sciences. I illustrate the usefulness of this approach by providing
an analysis of the case of the discovery of the Casimir effect. 相似文献
17.
Nura Resh 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(3):315-325
In this investigation I explore teachers’ perspectives on just grade allocation. The study was carried out among language,
math and science teachers in a national sample of Israeli high schools, where teachers were required to weigh a set of considerations
that are used in the decision on grade allocation. Findings suggest that (a) a teacher’s decision is based on a weighted combination
of multi-principles of allocation, (b) equity by output (students proved academic success) is the ruling consideration, and
(c) the weight given to the various considerations differ by teachers’ subject matter expertise. The appeared difference placed
science teachers vis-à-vis math and language teachers, unlike the expected humanities (language)—sciences (math and science)
dichotomy. Comparison of grading considerations by student capacity suggests that about half of the teachers consider differential
grading considerations for “weak” and “strong” students as just, attributing greater weight to academic input (effort) and
need for encouragement when grading their “weak” students. 相似文献
18.
Eric C. Mullis 《Dao》2010,9(4):391-405
This essay discusses the goods of friendship as they are articulated by Confucius, Mencius, and Aristotle. It is argued that
since Confucius and Mencius tend to conceive personal relationships in hierarchical terms, they do not directly address the
goods of symmetrical friendships. Using Aristotle’s account of friendship, I argue that friendship is necessary for the cultivation
of virtue outside the family. This is supported by discussing the virtues of generosity, trust, and wisdom as they develop
within family life and then are refined in friendships. Lastly, as Confucius, Mencius, and Aristotle agree that the good friendship
is necessarily a virtuous one, I consider what value aesthetic friendships have. 相似文献
19.
M. Joseph Sirgy 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(6):769-771
This is review of two books written by “gurus” who address the topic of happiness and well-being from a spiritual perspective.
One book is Matthieu Ricard’s Happiness: A Guide to Developing Life’s Most Important Skill (published by Little, Brown and Company, 2003). The other book is Eckhart Tolle’s A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose (published by A Plume Book, 2005). The books are thought provoking and interesting reading for the layperson. From a scientific
perspective, they should not be treated with any credibility. They advocate an image of the human condition and well-being
that is not based on a good and scientific understanding of human nature. 相似文献
20.
Joseph M. Kramp 《Journal of religion and health》2012,51(3):723-733
Panikkar’s (The intra-religious dialogue, 1978) classic, re-issued by Paulist Press in 1999, grapples with the theological challenges in the disciplines of comparative theology and the theology of religions through what he terms, “intra-religious dialogue.” In this psychology of religious plurality, I use works from a variety of disciplines to highlight the achievements of Panikkar’s intra-religious dialogue, as well as to critique his work in the hope of finding categories of understanding that can be profitably used to face the inter-personal crises of the contemporary world, namely religious terrorism. 相似文献