视觉工作记忆负载对听觉偏差干扰效应的调控：来自不同外周提示线索的证据

采用线索提示和视听Oddball结合的实验设计, 通过四个实验探讨了外周视线索下视觉工作记忆负载对听觉偏差干扰效应的调控作用。结果表明：(1)操作外周视线索有效性为50%的条件下, 视觉工作记忆负载的增加使得原本抑制无关声音的过程失败, 因此出现了显著的听觉偏差干扰效应; (2)操作外周视线索有效性为80%的条件下, 发现有策略性的注意定向消耗了注意资源, 无视觉工作记忆负载的情况下同样出现听觉偏差干扰, 并且随着工作记忆负载增加偏差干扰效应增强。研究说明视觉工作记忆负载对听觉偏差干扰的调控是有条件性的, 当来自不同感觉通道的无关刺激与目标的加工过程存在重叠时, 视觉工作记忆负载的增加使得听觉偏差干扰效应增强而不是减弱。     

重复学习对错误记忆通道效应的影响

本研究采用DRM范式以80名大学生为被试对错误记忆的通道效应进行了研究.实验采用三因素混合设计,运用信号检测论等方法探讨了重复学习对不同通道错误再认的影响.结果发现:1)汉语词表具有与英文词表不同的通道效应,表现为视觉学习的错误再认高于听觉学习;2)重复学习对视觉学习与听觉学习的错误再认产生分离性影响,即重复学习降低了视觉学习的错误再认,却提高了听觉学习的错误再认;3)信号检测论的分析表明:听觉学习在重复学习后对关键诱词的错误再认的增加是听觉学习对要义信息日益增加的敏感性连同较为宽松的提取标准协同起作用的结果.     

飞机座舱视听告警方式的工效学研究

该研究比较了由话音、灯光和音调信息组成的纯视觉告警、纯听觉告警和不同视听综合告警的效绩 ,以探讨当前在飞机座舱告警系统设计中存在的一些争议较大的问题。实验采用了双重作业法 ,主作业是一维补偿追踪 ,次作业是离散信号反应作业。结果表明 :1以音调信号作为听觉主告警加在话音信号前的方式将使信号反应时增长。但听觉主告警信号对提供告警级别信息可能有一定作用。2警告、注意和提示三级告警采用视觉 (信号灯 )方式优于它们都采用视听双显示方式 ,也优于纯听觉告警方式。3最佳的告警方式是警告信号采用灯光和话音显示 ,其余两类信号采用灯光显示。     

听觉中脑声定位的机制

人和动物对声源方位的感知和心理确定建立在神经生理基础之上,得到了大量来自神经细胞电生理研究证据的支持。听中枢神经元可通过比较到达两耳声信号的不同特征和参量来体现其精确的声源定位能力。研究表明,声源定位过程是听觉系统复杂综合作用的结果,听觉中脑核团-下丘在这一过程中起着重要作用,下丘中大量双耳听觉反应神经元可编码声音(源)方位信息,甚至双侧下丘间的联合投射也有可能参与双耳听觉反应的调制。     

学龄初期儿童在视, 听过程中的想象和句子策略的作用

为探讨1——2年级儿童在听觉和视觉处理方式与策略训练之间的关系,本研究利用图片语句记忆测验来决定控制处理方式并评价其训练效果.首先在听觉或视觉干扰后出示图片任务,如果儿童更多受视觉干扰而分散精力,则被归为视觉处理者,而受听觉干扰而分散精力的儿童则被归为听觉处理者.将这两类儿童分至三种不同的情境之中:以想象的方式把呈现的图片组成整涔来进行记忆的内部想象策略组、以语言的形式来记忆图片的句子策略组和控制组.研究结果发现,运用句子策路对于听觉和视觉分析者来说都是有效的,而内部想象策略只对听觉分析者有效.     

正确记忆与错误记忆中的感觉通道效应研究

本研究采用DRM范式,考察了正确记忆与错误记忆中的感觉通道效应,以及干扰因素对正确记忆与错误记忆的影响.结果表明:(1)无论是正确记忆还是错误记忆,视觉呈现优于听觉呈现;(2)三种呈现通道下.对关键诱饵的错误记忆差异不显著;(3)干扰任务下的再认成绩比无干扰任务下的再认成绩好.结合实验结果,本文还就不同通道下错误记忆的加工机制问题以及正确记忆与错误记忆的关系问题进行了初探.     

不相关言语对视觉觉察的影响

前人多在记忆层面探讨不相关言语效应(the Irrelevant Speech Effect, ISE), 而本文选择在意识觉察(conscious awareness)阶段观察这一现象。所有实验均采用视觉掩蔽及听觉输入不相关声音的视听交互方式。实验1在安静、纯音及不相关言语3种听觉背景下让被试对简单图片做视觉觉察判断, 结果发现不相关言语干扰了视觉觉察, 而纯音则未产生干扰。实验2在相同的3种听觉背景下要求被试对复杂图片做视觉觉察判断, 结果同实验1。实验3采用事件相关电位技术, 在同样的3种听觉背景下观察被试对简单图片做视觉觉察判断时的脑电变化, 结果发现不相关言语干扰了视觉觉察负波的形成, 验证了行为学研究的结果。本文结果表明不相干言语在视觉意识觉察阶段就对被试的行为产生了干扰。     

相位差对閃光信号辨認和似动现象的影响

问題近年来关于閃光信号編碼和辨认的研究日漸增多。庫克(K.G.Cook)和紐曼(K.M.Newman)分别作过閃光編碼和显示效果的研究;李家治等作过閃光信号的頻率选择、等辨量表和語义干扰等研究;克劳福(A.Crawford)研究过閃光信号与背景的关系。关于同时使用两个閃光信号問題,未見报导。     

中枢N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体在应激所致行为改变中的作用

应激所致行为效应的脑机制研究是目前生理心理学研究的热点领域。近年来,对于参与应激所致行为效应的神经递质研究从5-HT、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的范畴,逐渐发展到关注脑内含量最为丰富的谷氨酸能神经元所产生的兴奋性递质,包括谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及其相应受体NMDAR可能在应激性行为效应的中枢机制中的作用。近十年来的研究表明,中枢NMDAR是学习记忆的关键物质,在兴奋性突触传递、突触可塑性和脑发育过程中扮演重要的角色。不同类型的应激能导致动物的与行为密切相关脑区如杏仁核,海马的兴奋性氨基酸及NMDAR数量增多,活性增高。突触间隙增多的兴奋性氨基酸与NMDAR结合后,通过激活NMDAR促进糖皮质激素的相关性释放,共同产生的兴奋毒性作用引起上述脑区的神经元细胞缺失和变性;或干扰其他中枢神经递质在动物行为的脑内奖赏机制中的正常功能;或通过持续激活NMDAR,导致细胞内Ca2＋超载,损害其信号传导途径下游的蛋白激酶级联反应,使其底物蛋白的磷酸化或去磷酸化作用发生改变,影响突触可塑性和神经细胞间的信号传递,导致动物出现相应的行为障碍。应激前给动物的上述脑区注射NMDAR阻滞剂,可以减轻动物的应激性焦虑和抑郁行为。而NMDAR依赖性LTP下游途径的新信号分子,神经颗粒素,参与了脑内多种蛋白信号传导,可能是应激性行为效应的另一重要中枢机制。     

音高和时长信息加工在额下回眶部(BA47)的分离——来自fMRI实验的证据

通过功能性磁共振成像技术考察了额下回眶部(BA47)在言语中的音高和时长信息加工中的作用,发现音高和时长信息的加工在该脑区存在着明显的分离,这种分离可能是听觉加工腹侧通路的重要组成部分,即左脑和右脑颞叶的听觉和听觉相关皮层分别负责音高和时长信息的声学特征分析,而对应的额下回腹侧眶部则分别负责相关信息在工作记忆中的表征和保持,研究结果为音高和时长信息加工的声音信号假设提供了更为全面的证据。     

Input and output modality effects in immediate serial recall

In immediate recall tasks, visual recency is substantially enhanced when output interference is low (Cowan, Saults, Elliott, & Moreno, 2002; Craik, 1969) whereas auditory recency remains high even under conditions of high output interference. This auditory advantage has been interpreted in terms of auditory resistance to output interference (e.g., Neath & Surprenant, 2003). In this study the auditory-visual difference at low output interference re-emerged when ceiling effects were accounted for, but only with spoken output. With written responding the auditory advantage remained significantly larger with high than with low output interference. These new data suggest that both superior auditory encoding and modality-specific output interference contribute to the classic auditory-visual modality effect.     

Effects of same-modality interference on immediate serial recall of auditory and visual information.

Two studies investigated the effects of same-modality interference on the immediate serial recall of auditorily and visually presented stimuli. Typically, research in which this task is used has been conducted in quiet rooms, excluding auditory information that is extraneous to the auditorily presented stimuli. However, visual information such as background items clearly within the subject's view have not been excluded during visual presentation. Therefore, in both the present studies, the authors used procedures that eliminated extra-list visual interference and introduced extra-list auditory interference. When same-modality interference was eliminated, weak visual recency effects were found, but they were smaller than those that were generated by auditorily presented items. Further, mid-list and end-of-list recall of visually presented stimuli was unaffected by the amount of interfering visual information. On the other hand, the introduction of auditory interference increased mid-list recall of auditory stimuli. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the mid-list effect occurred with a moderate, but not with a minimal or maximal, level of auditory interference, indicating that moderate amounts of auditory interference had an alerting effect that is not present in typical visual interference.     

Temporal expectation weights visual signals over auditory signals

Temporal expectation is a process by which people use temporally structured sensory information to explicitly or implicitly predict the onset and/or the duration of future events. Because timing plays a critical role in crossmodal interactions, we investigated how temporal expectation influenced auditory–visual interaction, using an auditory–visual crossmodal congruity effect as a measure of crossmodal interaction. For auditory identification, an incongruent visual stimulus produced stronger interference when the crossmodal stimulus was presented with an expected rather than an unexpected timing. In contrast, for visual identification, an incongruent auditory stimulus produced weaker interference when the crossmodal stimulus was presented with an expected rather than an unexpected timing. The fact that temporal expectation made visual distractors more potent and visual targets less susceptible to auditory interference suggests that temporal expectation increases the perceptual weight of visual signals.     

Effects of auditory input in individuation tasks

Under many conditions auditory input interferes with visual processing, especially early in development. These interference effects are often more pronounced when the auditory input is unfamiliar than when the auditory input is familiar (e.g. human speech, pre‐familiarized sounds, etc.). The current study extends this research by examining how auditory input affects 8‐ and 14‐month‐olds’ performance on individuation tasks. The results of the current study indicate that both unfamiliar sounds and words interfered with infants’ performance on an individuation task, with cross‐modal interference effects being numerically stronger for unfamiliar sounds. The effects of auditory input on a variety of lexical tasks are discussed.     

The role of modality: Auditory and visual distractors in Stroop interference

As a commonly used measure of selective attention, it is important to understand the factors contributing to interference in the Stroop task. The current research examined distracting stimuli in the auditory and visual modalities to determine whether the use of auditory distractors would create additional interference, beyond what is typically observed in the print-based Stroop task. Research by Cowan and Barron supported the additive effects of auditory and visual distractors; however, there is only one empirical demonstration of this finding to date. Using different versions of the Stroop colour-naming task, behavioural analyses of reaction times (RT) were conducted, along with distributional RT analyses. The results indicated that a combination of visual and auditory distraction did not lead to a larger interference effect than visually based distraction alone. These findings suggest that methodological issues may have influenced the prior finding of additive effects of the two modalities, and are discussed in relation to the word production architecture account of Stroop effects.     

The effectiveness of imagery and sentence strategy instructions as a function of visual and auditory processing in young school-age children

The relationship between auditory and visual processing modality and strategy instructions was examined in first- and second-grade children. A Pictograph Sentence Memory Test was used to determine dominant processing modality as well as to assess instructional effects. The pictograph task was given first followed by auditory or visual interference. Children who were disrupted more by visual interference were classed as visual processors and those more disrupted by auditory interference were classed as auditory processors. Auditory and visual processors were then assigned to one of three conditions: interactive imagery strategy, sentence strategy, or a control group. Children in the imagery and sentence strategy groups were briefly taught to integrate the pictographs in order to remember them better. The sentence strategy was found to be effective for both auditory and visual processors, whereas the interactive imagery strategy was effective only for auditory processors.     

Modality effects in memory for basic stimulus attributes: a temporal and nontemporal comparison

Previous research suggests that there are significant differences in the operation of reference memory for stimuli of different modalities, with visual temporal entries appearing to be more durable than auditory entries (Ogden, Wearden, & Jones, 2008 , 2010). Ogden et al. ( 2008 , 2010 ) demonstrated that when participants were required to store multiple auditory temporal standards over a period of delay there was significant systematic interference to the representation of the standard characterized by shifts in the location of peak responding. No such performance deterioration was observed when multiple visually presented durations were encoded and maintained. The current article explored whether this apparent modality-based difference in reference memory operation is unique to temporal stimuli or whether similar characteristics are also apparent when nontemporal stimuli are encoded and maintained. The modified temporal generalization method developed in Ogden et al. (2008) was employed; however, standards and comparisons varied by pitch (auditory) and physical line length (visual) rather than duration. Pitch and line length generalization results indicated that increasing memory load led to more variable responding and reduced recognition of the standard; however, there was no systematic shift in the location of peak responding. Comparison of the results of this study with those of Ogden et al. (2008, 2010) suggests that although performance deterioration as a consequence of increases in memory load is common to auditory temporal and nontemporal stimuli and visual nontemporal stimuli, systematic interference is unique to auditory temporal processing.     

内隐学习研究的核心方法——人工语法范式

本文是对近三十年来内隐学习的核心研究方法--人工语法范式--的一个总结.文章分三个部分,分别介绍了人工语法范式的三个要素.第一部分介绍了学习材料要素,即限定状态语法和双条件语法.第二部分介绍了指导语要素,着重讲解了它的实验性分离功能.第三部分介绍了程序要素,伴随内隐学习研究问题的深入和复杂化趋势,循序演绎了研究者对人工语法范式程序所做的调整.     

Nonconcurrently presented auditory tones reduce distraction

Recent research has demonstrated that task-irrelevant stimuli presented simultaneously with a target-distractor stimulus reduce distraction and improve selective attention. In studies examining this reduced interference effect, visual selective attention tasks and concurrently presented task-irrelevant stimuli are used. We report first evidence for a similar effect in the auditory domain and with nonconcurrent stimuli (i.e., the task-irrelevant stimuli are presented before the target). The effect of nonconcurrently presented auditory tones on an auditory Stroop task developed by Leboe and Mondor (Psychological Research, 71, 568--575, 2007) was investigated. Stroop interference was reduced when task-irrelevant tones were presented before the Stroop stimulus. We conclude that task-irrelevant stimuli can improve selective attention not only when presented concurrently, but also when presented before the selective attention task. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that interference reduction is due to perceptual dilution caused by task-irrelevant stimuli.     

Similarity in Spatial Origin of Information Facilitates Cue Competition and Interference

Two lick suppression studies were conducted with water-deprived rats to investigate the influence of spatial similarity in cue interaction. Experiment 1 assessed the influence of similarity of the spatial origin of competing cues in a blocking procedure. Greater blocking was observed in the condition in which the auditory blocking cue and the auditory blocked cue originated at the same spatial location. Recent investigations have demonstrated that manipulations that impact competition between cues trained together have similar effects on interference between cues trained apart. Therefore, Experiment 2 investigated the influence of similarity of the spatial origin in proactive interference of Pavlovian conditioning by separately pairing two auditory cues with a common outcome, originating at the same spatial location or different spatial locations. Greater proactive interference was observed in the condition in which the interfering cue and target cue originated at the same spatial location. The results are considered in light of the possibility that a similar mechanism may underlie interference between cues trained apart and cue competition between cues trained together.