青年罪犯的人格特征研究

采用“卡特尔十六种人格因素测验”问卷,分析比较了青年罪犯与青年学生的人格特质、次元人格因素、应用人格因素。结果表明：青年罪犯与青年学生在8种人格特质(C、F、G、H、L、Q1、Q2、q)、1种次元人格因素(X2)、1种应用人格因素(Y4)上存在显著差异,提示青年罪犯确有异于同龄人的人格特征,这对青年犯罪的预防与矫治具有重要意义。     

罪犯精神病态的初步探索

以中国罪犯为被试,对Hare精神病态量表进行修订,并在此基础上进一步探讨罪犯精神病态的影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)修订的Hare精神病态量表具有良好的信度和效度;(2)年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况和犯罪次数是影响罪犯精神病态得分的重要因素。20-29岁年龄组罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于30-38岁年龄组;文化程度高的罪犯精神病态的得分显著低于文化程度低的罪犯,大专以上文化程度的罪犯精神病态得分最低;未婚罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于已婚和离异的罪犯;累犯精神病态的得分显著高于初犯。     

50名暴力罪犯的MMPI人格因素分析

１前言犯罪,从法学角度来说是由国家法律认定的、危害统治阶级利益和社会秩序的、应受刑罚惩处的行为。暴力犯罪是犯罪类型的一种,是具有很大社会危害性的,也是日益受到普遍而强烈反对的犯罪行为。通常,暴力犯罪指对他人人身及其安全实施暴力的各种形式的犯罪。暴力犯罪产生的原因可以从个人主观原因（包括思想特征、心理特征、生理特征）和社会客观因素方面进行研究。本文主要对暴力犯罪分子的人格进行分析、探讨暴力罪犯的人格特质及其在犯罪过程中其人格特质造成的影响,以及未婚犯组与已婚犯组,减刑犯组与未减刑犯组,贩毒犯组与故…     

男性罪犯人格和抑郁的关系研究

该研究采用问卷法{中国罪犯个性分测验量表（COPA—PI）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）},对在押的200名男性犯人的人格和抑郁的关系进行研究,结果发现：1）人格和抑郁之间存在着显著相关关系。2）混合型罪犯在人格因子“同情”上的得分显著低于暴力型罪犯,在“暴力倾向”上的得分显著高于财产型罪犯,在“变态心理”和抑郁上的得分显著高于财产型和暴力型罪犯。3）有前科罪犯的抑郁分数显著高于无前科罪犯。4）“焦虑”、“聪敏”、“波动”、“同情”四个人格因子对罪犯的抑郁情绪有显著预测力。为罪犯矫治工作提供了科学的理论依据和指导。     

心理矫治:中国监狱的一把利剑

在新的历史时期,心理矫治方法在中国监狱得到了普遍应用。这是因为,导致犯罪的心理原因较突出,罪犯是心理问题的高发人群,需要开展心理矫治,以提高改造质量。心理矫治通过运用心理科学知识、技术和方法,在心理评估的基础上,善用罪犯寻求改变的心理,通过心理卫生教育、心理咨询、心理治疗等措施,帮助其调节不良情绪,改变不良的认知方式,改善或消除异常心理,达到完善其人格(个性)的一种活动。     

浅议再犯的刑事立法及其完善

浅议再犯的刑事立法及其完善周国平一、关于再犯的立法现状所谓再犯,是指多次犯罪或者曾因犯罪受过刑事制裁而又重新犯罪的情况。再犯是与初犯、偶犯相对而言的。再犯也就是再次犯罪,犯罪次数在二次或二次以上。对于再犯,我国刑法尚无明确具体的概念和规定,但在刑法条...     

不同刑期男性罪犯人格与改造表现的关系研究

通过对271名不同刑期男性罪犯人格问卷和改造表现问卷调查,以探讨不同刑期男性罪犯的人格与改造表现之间的影响关系。研究结果表明:(1)人格分数高的罪犯改造表现成绩优于人格分数低的罪犯。(2)中长刑期罪犯人格与改造表现呈显著的正相关,中刑罪犯的恃强性和自律性,长刑罪犯的怀疑性和乐群性对其改造表现有显著的正向预测作用。(3)高乐群性对罪犯获得年度奖励具正向的预测作用。提示应根据不同罪犯群体的人格特点进行有针对性的改造,达到更好地改造好罪犯的目的,为针对不同刑期罪犯开展循证矫正提供理论上的依据。     

220名男性罪犯人格障碍的初步研究

采用人格障碍诊断量表和艾森克人格问卷,对在押的220名男性罪犯的人格障碍及人格特征进行调查,结果发现：（1）罪犯人格障碍的发生率显著高于普通人群,且与普通人群存在极显著的差异。（2）罪犯人格障碍与艾森克人格量表中情绪稳定性、精神质、内外向三个因素有显著的相关。其中,情绪稳定性因素与12种类型人格障碍及总分存在极显著的正相关;精神质因素与除强迫型以外的11种类型的人格障碍及总分存在极显著的正相关;内外向因素与表演型、反社会型人格障碍以及自恋型人格障碍存在显著的正相关,与分裂样人格障碍存在显著的负相关。情绪稳定性因素可能是各型罪犯人格障碍的基本人格因素。     

人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究

简要介绍了有关青少年犯罪的人格理论,然后按照研究中所采用的不同的人格测量工具：明尼苏达多相人格测验、艾森克人格问卷、卡特尔16项人格因素测验和加利福尼亚人格问卷,以及大五人格问卷分类综述了近10年来人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究。近五年的研究主要采用大五人格结构,将变量中心法和个体中心法相结合,以及将人格和环境因素相结合来研究人格对青少年犯罪的影响作用。进一步的研究需要在人格测量和研究设计上予以改进,深入揭示人格对青少年犯罪的影响机制     

弗斯坦中介经验理论对未成年犯社区矫正的启示

未成年犯的社区矫正在很多方面不同于成人罪犯的社区矫正,因此探索更加适合青少年犯罪群体改造和发展的理论十分必要。以色列心理学家鲁文·弗斯坦提出的中介经验理论涵盖了中介经验的概念、特征、缺失的因素和传递渠道,为未成年犯社区矫正提供了新视角。同时,它也在未成年犯社区矫正的理论基础、可行性、犯罪原因和矫正方法上均有重要启示。     

16 PF Profile of Schizophrenics With and Without Criminal Record

This study examined the personality characteristics of sixty Schizophrenics with and without criminal record on inpatients of Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi (RINPAS) India. A comparison of their personality profiles on 16 PF test revealed that Schizophrenics with criminal record were more assertive, less reserved, less conscientious, and more extraverted than Schizophrenics without criminal record. It indicates that Schizophrenics who commit offences may be differentiated from those who are not involved in criminal act on the basis of their personality characteristics.     

违法犯罪者人格多种方法研究

本研究运用问卷法“YG人格测验”、作业法“内田－克雷佩林心理测验”和投射法“色塔人格测验”对126名违法犯罪者进行了测试。结果表明,作业法和投射法人格测验二者相互补充和印证,揭示了违法犯罪者人格的某些特点,问卷法人格测验的结果与前者不一致,应该运用多种方法对违法犯罪者的人格进行研究。     

男性少年犯与同龄中学生人格特征的比较研究

采用加利福尼亚心理调查表(CPI-RC)对178男性少年犯和219名同龄男性中学生进行了测查。结果表明：(1)少年犯与同龄中学生的人格特征存在显著差异,少年犯的自我确认、社会价值内化、成就潜能、生活和社会态度、自我实现和个人整合水平都较同龄中学生差;(2)在人格类型上,少年犯与同龄中学生亦存在差异,少年犯的人格类型以常规异向居多。     

Sexual sadism and sadistic personality disorder in sexual homicide

Controversies exist about the diagnostic validity of sexual sadism and its relation to sadistic personality disorder in sex offenders. The aim of this study was to investigate which diagnostic, developmental, and criminal characteristics differentiate sexual sadistic from non-sadistic sexual homicide perpetrators. Psychiatric court reports on 166 men who had committed a sexual homicide were evaluated regarding psychiatric, sexual and criminal history. Sixty-one offenders (36.7%) with sexual sadism (SeSd) were compared with 105 (63.3%) offenders without this diagnosis (NSeSd). Besides the sexual sadistic symptoms, there were seven factors that discriminated best between the two groups (sexual masochism, sadistic personality disorder, isolation in childhood, multiple sexual homicide, previous rape, previous tendencies for similar behavior, and long duration of the homicidal act). Sexual sadism is connected with circumscribed other characteristics and has to be considered in risk assessment and treatment of sex offenders.     

Personality disorders in offenders: categorical versus dimensional approaches.

The present study focused on the consequences of cut-off scores in personality disorder diagnoses for their association with criminal behavior. Using ICD-10 personality disorder criteria eliminating offence-related symptoms, we studied the distributions of categorically diagnosed personality disorders and of dimensional personality disorder scores in a group of offenders and a noncriminal control group. Whereas the dimensional scores of the offender group differed significantly from those of the control group for all personality disorders under study, the frequency of categorical diagnoses differed significantly for two personality for two personality disorders only. Moreover, prediction of group membership (offenders vs. nonoffenders) from personality disorder scores was substantially more precise than prediction from categorical diagnoses. It is concluded that a dimensional approach to personality disorder diagnosis is not only superior theoretically but also yields more precise information about the specific associations with criminal behavior.     

On individual differences in person perception: raters' personality traits relate to their psychopathy checklist-revised scoring tendencies

This study investigated raters' personality traits in relation to scores they assigned to offenders using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). A total of 22 participants, including graduate students and faculty members in clinical psychology programs, completed a PCL-R training session, independently scored four criminal offenders using the PCL-R, and completed a comprehensive measure of their own personality traits. A priori hypotheses specified that raters' personality traits, and their similarity to psychopathy characteristics, would relate to raters' PCL-R scoring tendencies. As hypothesized, some raters assigned consistently higher scores on the PCL-R than others, especially on PCL-R Facets 1 and 2. Also as hypothesized, raters' scoring tendencies related to their own personality traits (e.g., higher rater Agreeableness was associated with lower PCL-R Interpersonal facet scoring). Overall, findings underscore the need for future research to examine the role of evaluator characteristics on evaluation results and the need for clinical training to address evaluators' personality influences on their ostensibly objective evaluations.     

Personality disorder and antisocial deviance: comments on the debate on the structure of the psychopathy checklist-revised

The recent debate on the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R: Hare, 1991; 2003) has been presented primarily as a statistical issue, but underlying it are longstanding conceptual issues about the relationship of personality concepts to deviant behavior and of psychopathy to criminality and personality disorder. I discuss these issues in this paper. The antisocial items of the PCL-R seem to reflect a propensity to commit crimes that has long been of interest to criminology. This disposition overlaps with, but differs conceptually from personality dispositions, but these surface dispositions do not provide a causal account of criminality. I present data that indicate that the core personality characteristics of psychopathy are more closely related to narcissistic and histrionic personality disorders than to antisocial personality disorder. Overemphasis on involvement in crime has obscured the nature of psychopathy as a disorder of personality characterised by interpersonally harmful behavior that need not necessarily take criminal form.     

Factors associated with experts' opinions regarding criminal responsibility in The Netherlands

In many jurisdictions, offenders need to have freely chosen to commit their crimes in order to be punishable. A mental defect or disorder may be a reason for diminished or total absence of criminal responsibility and may remove culpability. This study aims to provide an empirically based understanding of the factors on which experts base their judgements concerning criminal responsibility. Clinical, demographic and crime related variables, as well as MMPI-2 profiles, were collected from final reports concerning defendants of serious crime submitted to the observation clinic of the Dutch Ministry of Justice for a criminal responsibility assessment. Criminal responsibility was expressed along a five-point scale corresponding to the Dutch legal practice. Results showed that several variables contributed independently to experts' opinions regarding criminal responsibility: diagnosis (Axis I and II), cultural background, type of weapon used in committing the crime, and whether the defendant committed the crime alone or with others. In contract to jurisdictions involving a sane/insane dichotomy, the Dutch five-point scale of criminal responsibility revealed that Axis II personality disorders turned out to be mostly associated with a diminished responsibility. MMPI-2 scores also turned out to have a small contribution to experts' opinions on criminal responsibility, independently of mere diagnostic variables. These results suggest that experts base their judgements not only on the presence or absence of mental disorders, but also on cultural and crime related characteristics, as well as dimensional information about the defendant's personality and symptomatology.     

The prediction of violent and nonviolent criminal behavior in a methadone maintenance population

The utility of traits associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder in making risk assessments of violent and nonviolent crimes was examined in 254 subjects sampled from a methadone maintenance population. A factor analysis of a number of baseline measures resulted in five factors measuring hostility, insecure attachment, impaired reality testing, antisocial personality, and empathy. These factors were used in logistic regression analysis to predict charges for violent and nonviolent crimes over a 2-year period. Individuals with high scores on the antisocial personality factor had an increased risk of both violent and nonviolent criminal charges. Individuals with low scores on the empathy factor were at high risk for violent crimes. In an analysis using the factor components rather than the factors, the measures of perspective-taking and a socialization were associated with violent criminal charges, and the measure of psychopathy, but not antisocial behavior, was associated with nonviolent criminal charges. The results support the use of measures of personality traits in addition to measures of a history of antisocial behavior in making violence risk assessments in substance-dependent patients. The DSM construct and diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder may be enhanced by greater emphasis on personality traits associated with antisocial behavior.     

Psychopathic traits in nursing and criminal justice majors: a pilot study

Prior findings suggest presence of psychopathic personality traits may be prevalent outside of the criminal sphere, such as in the business world. It is possible that particular work environments are attractive to individuals with higher psychopathic personality traits. To test this hypothesis, the current study investigated whether psychopathic personality scores could predict students' choices between two university majors, criminal justice or nursing (N= 174; 53 men, 121 women). Nursing education espouses nurturance and care, while criminal justice education teaches students informal and formal social control. Given these two educational mandates, it was predicted that students who scored higher on a scale of psychopathy would tend to enter criminal justice rather than nursing. Using logistic regression, results showed students with higher overall scores on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory, specifically higher scores on the subscale Machiavellian Egocentricity, were more likely to have chosen to major in criminal justice than nursing. Effects were generally weak but significant, accounting for between 5% to 25% of the variance in choice of major. Furthermore, this finding was not due to sex differences.