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1.
C. A. J. Coady 《The Journal of Ethics》2004,8(1):37-58
This paper begins with a discussion of different definitions of “terrorism” and endorses one version of a tactical definition,
so-called because it treats terrorism as involving the use of a quite specific tactic in the pursuit of political ends, namely,
violent attacks upon the innocent. This contrasts with a political status definition in which “terrorism” is defined as any
form of sub-state political violence against the state. Some consequences of the tactical definition are explored, notably
the fact that (unlike the political status definition) it allows for the possibility of state terrorism against individuals,
sub-state groups and other states. But a major problem for the tactical definition is the account to be given of “the innocent.”
In line with justwar thinking, the idea of “the innocent” is unpacked in terms of the concept of non-combatants and this in
turn is treated as the category of those who are not prosecuting the harm that allows for a legitimate violent response. Problems
with this approach are explored, with particular reference to criticisms made by Gregory Kavka. The recent drive to expand
the class of those who may be legitimately attacked is subjected to scrutiny. Particular attention is paid to the role of
“collective responsibility” and “deserving your government” in these arguments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Sonja Grover 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2003,1(4):349-383
This paper considers what are the appropriate limits of parental or guardian proxy consent for a child's participation in
medical or social science research. Such proxy consent, it is proposed, is invalid in regards “non-therapeutic research.”
The latter research may add to scientific knowledge and/or benefit others, but any benefit to the child research participant
is but a coincidental theoretical possibility and not a primary objective. Research involving children, without intended and
acceptable prospect of beneficial outcome to the individual participant, even if with negligible risk, does not meet the test
for “best interests.” Proxy consent for children's involvement in research is justifiable only when given for and on behalf
of the child in his or her best interest to enhance the child's well-being. Only in the latter case is the parental proxy
consent situation analogous in regards key criteria to a competent individual consenting to research participation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
4.
Packham DE 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):85-100
The likely impact of applying the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to higher education are examined. GATS aims
to “open up” services to competition: no preference can be shown to national or government providers.
The consequences for teaching are likely to be that private companies, with degree-awarding powers, would be eligible for
the same subsidies as public providers. Appealing to the inadequate recently introduced “benchmark” statements as proof of
quality, they would provide a “bare bones” service at lower cost. Public subsidies would go: education being reduced to that
minimum which could be packaged in terms of verifiable “learning outcomes”. The loss of “higher” aspirations, such education
of critically-minded citizens of a democratic and civilised society would impoverish the university’s research culture which
demands honesty and openness to public scrutiny.
Most university research is substantially supported by public subsidy. Under GATS discipline, commercial providers of research
services could be entitled to similar public subsidies. Publicly funded fundamental research would fade, leaving university
research totally dependent for funds upon the good will of industry and commerce. Present problems, such as the suppression
of unwelcome results and the use of questionable results to manipulate public opinion, would considerably increase. The public
would lose a prime source of trustworthy knowledge, needed in political discourse, legal disputation, consumer protection
and in many other contexts. 相似文献
5.
Debates over the politicization of science have led some to claim that scientists have or should have a “right to research.”
This article examines the political meaning and implications of the right to research with respect to different historical
conceptions of rights. The more common “liberal” view sees rights as protections against social and political interference.
The “republican” view, in contrast, conceives rights as claims to civic membership. Building on the republican view of rights,
this article conceives the right to research as embedding science more firmly and explicitly within society, rather than sheltering
science from society. From this perspective, all citizens should enjoy a general right to free inquiry, but this right to
inquiry does not necessarily encompass all scientific research. Because rights are most reliably protected when embedded within
democratic culture and institutions, claims for a right to research should be considered in light of how the research in question
contributes to democracy. By putting both research and rights in a social context, this article shows that the claim for a
right to research is best understood, not as a guarantee for public support of science, but as a way to initiate public deliberation
and debate about which sorts of inquiry deserve public support. 相似文献
6.
Chun-Chieh Huang 《Dao》2010,9(2):211-223
This article discusses the “contextual turn” in the interpretation of Chinese classics: the contextuality of Confucian classics
in China was latent, tacit, and almost imperceptible; however, it became salient and explicit once the Confucian classics
were introduced to Tokugawa Japan. Many a Japanese Confucian took ideas and values expressed in the Chinese classics and transplanted
them into the context of Japanese politics and thoughts, in light of which the Japanese scholars staked out new interpretations
of the classics. This “contextual turn” involved issues of two levels: the material political order (especially the Chinese-barbarian
distinction) and the abstract political thought (especially the ruler-subject relation). It is pointed out that the Chinese
empire was the Japanese Confucians’ “political foreign country” and “cultural homeland,” and the tension was evidenced by
their interpretations of the term “Zhong’guo” appearing in the Confucian classics. The usual strategy adopted by the Japanese
Confucians in interpreting Chinese classics was to “de-contextualize” them and then to “re-contextualize” them in their own
Japanese environment. 相似文献
7.
8.
Tomasz Szkudlarek 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):113-125
In this text I concentrate on semiotic aspects of the theory of political identity in the work of Ernesto Laclau, and especially
on the connection between metaphors, metonymies, catachreses and synecdoches. Those tropes are of ontological status, and
therefore they are of key importance in understanding the discursive “production” of identity in political and educational
practices. I use the conceptions of both Laclau and Eco to elucidate the operation of this structure, and illustrate it with
an example of the emergence of the “Solidarność” movement in Poland, expanding its analysis provided by Laclau. I focus on
the moment when one of particular demands assumes the representation of totality, which, in Laclau, is left to “circumstantial”
determination. This moment inspires several questions and needs to be given special attention if Laclau’s theory is to be
used in theory of education. It is so because theory of education cannot remain on the level of the ontological (which is
the core of Laclau’s achievement), but has to theorize “non-ontological” dimensions as well, that is the ontic (i.e. “content”
of education), the deontic (duty, obligation, and the normative in general), as well as what I call the deontological—the very relation between “what there is” and “what there is not” (including that which should be) as the locus of education. 相似文献
9.
Shijun Tong 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(2):295-316
As a result of a new understanding of the relation between theory and practice, the “New Frankfurt School,” with Jürgen Habermas
as its major representative, highly values the philosophical tradition of American pragmatism, in contrast to the first generation
Critical Theorists represented by Max Horkheimer. In Habermas, the idea of “critique” is, both substantially and methodologically,
closely connected with the idea of “praxis” in the following senses: communicative action, rational argumentation, public
discussion and political culture. “Critique” is thus found to be immanent in “praxis”; or, a la Horkheimer, pragmatism turns out to be a “critical philosophical analysis” without “falling back upon objective reason and mythology.”
__________
Translated from Huadong Shifan Daxue Xuebao 华东示范大学学报 (Journal of Huadong Normal University), 2001 (5), with minor modifications 相似文献
10.
Lubin A 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2005,65(4):367-379
The need to establish a borderline between legitimate and illegitimate political trial is one of the central societal discourses.
In this paper the author claims that the issues are complex and that a political trial can remain legitimate as long as it
is not dealing with a confrontation with the symbolic order on which the society (and the court itself) is founded and as
long as the subject (or action) it is dealing with does not threaten the symbolic order’s (or the “Big Other”) existence.
When the symbolic order’s existence is in danger, the court is bound to participate in an act of “sacrifice” that is intended
to protect the “order.” The author uses Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory of the “Big Other” (and its development to ideological-political
terms) in examining three categories of sacrifice. Through these categories the author claims that in extreme cases of confrontation
with the existence of the symbolic order, the court cannot remain objective and it would be difficult to justify the trial
as legitimate (especially in historical perspective). 相似文献
11.
Paul Richard Blum 《Studies in East European Thought》2010,62(2):197-216
Scientific and political developments of the early twentieth century led Michael Polanyi to study the role of the scientist
in research and the interaction between the individual scholar and the surrounding conditions in community and society. In
his concept of “personal knowledge” he gave the theory and history of science an anthropological turn. In many instances of
the history of sciences, research is driven by a commitment to beliefs and values. Society plays the role of authority and
communicative backdrop that presupposes individual liberty. As a system of beliefs science is rooted in community and also
in history. However, as soon as fellow humans become the objects of research, their appeal transcends the researcher. Consequently,
the history of human endeavor reveals a “firmament” of standards and obligations which represent an ontological reality, for
which Polanyi invokes Teilhard de Chardin’s notion of noosphere. 相似文献
12.
In this article I argue against Chad Hansen’s version of the “White Horse Dialogue” (Baimalun) of Gongsun Longzi as intelligible through writings of the later Moists. Hansen regards the Baimalun as an attempt to demonstrate how the compound baima, “white horse,” is correctly analyzed in one of the Moist ways of analyzing compound term semantics but not the other. I
present an alternative reading in which the Baimalun arguments point out, via reductio, the failure of either Moist analysis; in particular they point out how neither analysis accounts for ordinary, acceptable
inferences like “There is a white horse; therefore there is a horse.” At issue for Gongsun Longzi is a fundamental problem
with atomic terms: none of them seems capable of referring to a particular, “stand-alone” individual. 相似文献
13.
Gaoshan Zuo 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(2):280-290
War can be defined as organized political violence among two or more nations. In accordance with the purpose, processes and
results of war, the ethics of war generally comprises three aspects: right ethics, action ethics and duty ethics. The most
important issue in ethics of war is “justice”. “Justice” and “injustice” as a conceptual pair do not prescribe the objective
character of war but rather convey a subjective attitude and ethical position that have the potential to compel a populace
to either support or oppose a war.
Translated by Zuo Gaoshan and Xi Yunpeng from Lunlixue Yanjiu 伦理学研究 (Studies in Ethtics), 2005, (6): 43–48 相似文献
14.
Schlüssel A 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2005,65(4):381-403
The author attempts to apply the psychoanalytic concept of “prolonged adolescence” to two literary works, both of which are
embedded in England’s postwar social and political climate. The discussion of John Wain’s Hurry on Down ([1953] 1979) and John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger ([1956] 1989), by necessity, involves a look at those factors responsible for shaping the cultural “mood” in those days. However, the
author’s primary concern lies with how two particular (fictional) individuals, or antiheroes, deal with the frustration, which,
although generally felt among contemporary academia, in their cases seems to hide a much deeper layer of mental insecurity
and instability. In fact, we come to feel that the characters have not achieved a proper sense of identity (“self”) and are,
from the point of view of maturity, delayed and, hence, “unfitted” to cope adequately with the external world. Having long
achieved formal adulthood, they seem to have gotten “stuck” somewhere along the passage of growing up. Essential papers by
Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna, as well as a very early paper on the topic by Siegfried Bernfeld, are, among others,
taken into account, as is the profound research done by Peter Blos on the subject in question. 相似文献
15.
Jens Herlth 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(4):267-278
The essay examines Stanisław Brzozowski’s ideas on mutual interactions between the sphere of culture and the realm of the
political. It shows how Brzozowski made use of literary texts in order to elucidate social and political processes. In doing
so, he insisted on a specific form of knowledge accessible through texts of literature and literary criticism, which are not
limited by the mere “logic of notions.” Following Vico and Sorel Brzozowski detected an “irrational core” at the bases of
human collectivities such as above all modern nations, and it is through literature that this core can be revealed. Brzozowski’s
understanding of political ideas and concepts is informed—to a decisive degree—by the literary imagination. This can be shown
by a semantic and rhetorical analysis of some of his later writings. 相似文献
16.
Thomas J. Misa 《Synthese》2009,168(3):357-375
In this paper, I outline several methodological questions that we need to confront. The chief question is how can we identify
the nature of technological change and its varied cultural consequences—including social, political, institutional, and economic
dimensions—when our different research methods, using distinct ‘levels’ or ‘scales’ of analysis, yield contradictory results.
What can we say, in other words, when our findings about technology follow from the framings of our inquiries? In slightly different terms, can we combine insights from the fine-grained “social shaping of technology”
as well as from complementary approaches accenting the “technological shaping of society?” As a way forward, I will suggest
conducting multi-scale inquiries into the processes of technological and cultural change. This will involve recognizing and
conceptualizing the analytical scales or levels on which we conduct inquiry (very roughly, micro, meso, macro) as well as
outlining strategies for moving within and between these scales or levels. Of course we want and need diverse methodologies
for analyzing technology and culture. I find myself in sympathy with geographer Brenner (New state spaces: urban governance
and the rescaling of statehood, 2004, p. 7), who aspires to a “theoretically precise yet also historically specific conceptualization
of [technological change] as a key dimension of social, political and economic life.” 相似文献
17.
Arie Rip 《Synthese》2009,168(3):405-422
Starting from common-sense notions of ‘furniture of the world’ a process ontology is developed in which prospective is an
integral part. Technology as configurations that work (precariously) embodies expectations which structure further development.
Examples (a cloned puppy, hotel keys, DC airplanes, stem cells, and overpasses on Long Island) are used to develop the notion
of material narratives that are “written”, not just by engineers and designers/producers, but also by users: “reading” implies
some further “writing”. In contrast to prevailing notions of technological control (through manipulation of building blocks),
the “writing” of nanotechnology is modulation of the invisible and impredictable - an extreme example of unruly technology
and repair work after the fact, where in practice control is a gesture not so different from magic. Because ontology cannot
be other than prospective, it is political throughout. Thus, prospective technology highlights ontological politics. 相似文献
18.
Arcidiacono F 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(2):139-153
The aim of this paper is to analyse the sociocultural dynamics underlying collaborative research. The article is based on
an international collaborative project on the everyday lives of working families in Italy, Sweden and the USA. The aim of
this paper is to show that collaborative research does not necessarily produce collaboration: this is possible only with very
strong rules between partners. It proposes a distinction between collaboration and cooperation, and uses this distinction
to examine intergroup and intragroup joint activity. Through the analysis of the communicative exchanges occurring between
researchers, the paper highlights conditions in which cooperation can become fruitful collaboration.
Francesco Arcidiacono is the Laboratory Director of the Italian Center on Everyday Lives of Families at the University of Rome “La Sapienza” (Italy). He teaches “Psychology of discursive interaction” and “Qualitative Methodologies” at the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland). His main theoretical interest concerns the processes of socialization in the family context and argumentation in discursive interactions between people. He has published books on these theoretical and empirical works entitled “Ricerca osservativa e analisi qualitativa dell’interazione verbale” (Kappa, Rome, 2005), “Famiglie all’italiana” with C. Pontecorvo, (Cortina, Milan, 2007), and “Conflitti e interazione in famiglia” (Carocci, Rome, 2007). 相似文献
Francesco ArcidiaconoEmail: |
Francesco Arcidiacono is the Laboratory Director of the Italian Center on Everyday Lives of Families at the University of Rome “La Sapienza” (Italy). He teaches “Psychology of discursive interaction” and “Qualitative Methodologies” at the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland). His main theoretical interest concerns the processes of socialization in the family context and argumentation in discursive interactions between people. He has published books on these theoretical and empirical works entitled “Ricerca osservativa e analisi qualitativa dell’interazione verbale” (Kappa, Rome, 2005), “Famiglie all’italiana” with C. Pontecorvo, (Cortina, Milan, 2007), and “Conflitti e interazione in famiglia” (Carocci, Rome, 2007). 相似文献
19.
Giorgio Agamben and Alain Badiou have both recently made central use of set-theoretic results in their political and ontological
projects. As I argue in the paper, one of the most important of these to both thinkers is the paradox of set membership discovered
by Russell in 1901. Russell’s paradox demonstrates the fundamentally paradoxical status of the totality of language itself,
in its concrete occurrence or taking-place in the world. The paradoxical status of language is essential to Agamben’s discussions
of the “coming community,” “whatever being,” sovereignty, law and its force, and the possibility of a reconfiguration of political
life, as well as to Badiou’s notions of representation, political intervention, the nature of the subject, and the event.
I document these implications of Russell’s paradox in the texts of Agamben and Badiou and suggest that they point the way
toward a reconfigured political life, grounded in a radical reflective experience of language. 相似文献
20.
Dun Zhang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2010,5(4):631-651
The “end of history” by Fukuyama is mainly based on Hegel’s treatise of the end of history and Kojeve’s corresponding interpretation.
But Hegel’s “end of history” is a purely philosophical question, i.e., an ontological premise that must be fulfilled to complete
“absolute knowledge.” When Kojeve further demonstrates its “universal and homogeneous state,” Fukuyama extends it into a political
view: The victory of the Western system of freedom and democracy marks the end of the development of human history and Marxist
theory and practice. This is a misunderstanding of Hegel. Marx analyzes, scientifically, the historical limitation of Western
capitalism and maintains, by way of a kind of revolutionary teleology, the expectation of and belief in human liberation,
which is the highest historical goal. His philosophy of history is hence characterized by theoretical elements from both historical
scientificalness and historical teleology. 相似文献