内隐记忆的年老化研究

1引言记忆研究目前主要采用两种方法,直接测量（如回忆和再认等）和间接测量（启动）。利用直接测量法对青年和老年记忆功能（外显记忆）的研究,大都表现出成年至老年记忆随增龄而有所减退.利用间接测量法进行项目性内隐记忆的年龄差异研究,大多报告两组被试间无显著性差异,但确实存在青年组成绩略好于老年组的现象;有的研究亦报道内隐记忆存在年龄差异。这些研究结果的不一致,一方面可能因内隐记忆的年龄差异比较小,而大多数研究样本太小,不足以将这种差异显示出来;另一方面也可能是青年被试意识到了测验性质,间接测量时进行了主动…     

FN400效应:外显记忆测量中的概念启动加工

概念启动与熟悉性的研究是近年来内隐记忆与外显记忆神经机制研究的焦点领域之一。双加工理论支持者认为额区300~500 ms(FN400)新旧效应指示熟悉性。单加工理论支持者认为,双加工理论支持者在得出FN400效应指示熟悉性的结论时,没有考虑内隐记忆尤其是概念启动对外显记忆的污染。通过一系列分离熟悉性和概念启动的研究,Paller等人证明了FN400效应指示的是概念启动而不是熟悉性,并且,熟悉性由顶区500~800 ms(LPC)新旧效应来指示。目前,关于FN400效应反映了何种记忆加工仍然存在争议,未来研究需要探索分离熟悉性和概念启动的新方法,并进一步考察流畅性对熟悉性影响的神经机制。     

内隐和外显记忆的发展研究

采用Buchner等人（1995）提出的加工分离范式的修正模型,对内隐和外显记忆进行分离。结果表明：内隐记忆水平随年龄的变化不大．而外显记忆水平在12岁左右达到高峰;内隐记忆与外显记忆均不具有性别差异。     

加工水平对不同类型内隐记忆测试的影响

许多内隐记忆研究表明 ,加工水平影响外显记忆而不影响内隐记忆 ,这样的实验结果被一些研究者认为是外显记忆与内隐记忆系统分离的重要依据之一。实际上 ,内隐记忆研究中的加工水平问题一直存在争议 ,加工水平效应作为两类记忆系统分离的依据是不充分的。在我们的这项实验中 ,结果表明 ,加工水平影响概念样例生成这种内隐记忆测试而不影响知觉辨认测试。     

增龄性记忆改变规律及影响因素的研究

本研究用多维记忆量表对280名50～91岁的老年人做了测查,同时收集了一般资料,以探讨增龄性记忆改变的规律和年龄、教育和职业等因素对增龄性记忆改变的影响。结果表明：随年龄增长,各记忆组合分和分测验成绩均呈下降趋势,外显记忆成绩在70岁后呈快速下降,内隐记忆和日常生活记忆在75岁后才有明显下降;记忆总分、外显记忆和日常生活记忆均受年龄和教育的影响,内隐记忆不受教育的影响。结果提示老年人记忆随年龄增长呈渐渐下降,不同记忆功能开始下降的年龄和下降速率不同,教育对增龄性记忆改变有保护作用。     

幼儿对具体图片与抽象图片内隐记忆的实验研究

本研究选择３—６岁幼儿为被试,采用具体图片与抽象图片两种材料,分别交叉使用内隐学习与外显学习两种方式,探讨不同年龄幼儿内隐记忆与外显记忆的效果及特点。实验结果表明：幼儿期幼儿确实存在内隐学习,幼儿对抽象材料的内隐记忆效果优于外显记忆效果;幼儿内隐记忆与外显记忆两种效果均随年龄增长而逐步发展。     

心境一致性对大学生外显和内隐记忆影响的实验研究

以96名大一本科生为被试,采用120张情绪效价人物图片,运用加工分离范式研究心境一致性对大学生内隐记忆的影响。结果发现：（1）心境一致性效应不仅存在于外显记忆,而且也存在于内隐记忆;（2）心境一致性效应在外显记忆和内隐记忆上没有性别差异;（3）在心境一致性实验中,自然抑郁组被试可能存在外显记忆缺损。     

脑梗塞、脑出血病人外显与内隐记忆的实验研究

采用模糊字辨认、自由回忆和再认的方法分别测试脑梗塞、脑出血病人（实验组）与无脑部病变者（对照组）外显记忆和内隐记忆成绩。结果发现：实验组较对照组外显记忆降低，内隐记忆存在。提出病人其记忆功能呈外显记忆损害，内隐记忆保存的特点。这种记忆功能的双重性为此种病人记忆功能康复训练提供了新的实验证据。     

熟悉性:基于知觉还是语义流畅性加工

该文运用任务分离法和Remember/Know程序,分别以图形和汉词为材料,研究集中注意和重度分散注意条件下内隐记忆和熟悉性的关系,以揭示外显记忆中熟悉性的属性,结果发现:(1)知觉性内隐记忆在集巾注意和蕈度分散注意下差异不显著,再认中的熟悉性在这两种注意水平下差异显著;(2)概念性内隐记忆、线索回忆中的熟悉性在两种注意水平下差异均显著.据此熟悉性和知觉性内隐记忆相分离,与概念性内隐记忆未出现分离,从而可以推测外显记忆中的熟悉性主要受语义流畅性加工调节.     

不同表面特征图片对内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响

该研究选取30名被试,采用任务分离实验研究范式探讨不同表面特征图片对内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响。以32张动物图片为实验材料,其中鱼类和鸟类图片各半。两类图片中一半为黑白图片,另一半为彩色图片,所有实验材料用E—Prime软件呈现在电脑上。结果表明：（1）不同表面特征图片的再认成绩（外显记忆）显著好于偏好再认成绩（内隐记忆）,即外显记忆成绩好于内隐记忆;（2）在再认测验和偏好判断测验中,再认成绩和偏好再认成绩在图片表面特征的两个水平上存在显著差异;（3）控制组的偏好再认成绩显著好于实验组的偏好再认成绩,即控制组的内隐记忆好于实验组。结论：刺激材料的表面特征既是外显记忆的内容,也是影响外显记忆的重要因素;内隐记忆的作业成绩高度依赖于刺激材料的表面特征,刺激材料的表面特征是影响两种记忆的重要因素。     

Developmental patterns in priming and familiarity in explicit recollection

Developmental trajectories of two classes of human memory, implicit and explicit memory, appear to diverge. We examined how developmental differences in perceptual and conceptual priming, two types of implicit memory, coincide with differences between familiarity and recollective responses on explicit memory tests that employ the Remember/Know paradigm ( Tulving, 1985 ). Both types of priming were characterized by developmental invariance in 52 children and adolescents ages 8-19 years. Contrary to Komatsu, Naito, and Fuke (1996) results, few age-group differences in perceptual priming were observed following a levels-of-processing encoding manipulation. In contrast, age group differences were found for "Remember" but not "Know" responses. Neither levels of awareness nor strategies influenced priming. Adult levels of performance appear earlier in development on perceptual and conceptual priming tests compared to explicit memory tests. Similar developmental dissociations exist between explicit and implicit memory performance as between "Remember" and "Know" recollective responses.     

Conceptual implicit memory and environmental context

Changes in environmental context between encoding and retrieval often affect explicit memory but research on implicit memory is equivocal. One proposal is that conceptual but not perceptual priming is influenced by context manipulations. However, findings with conceptual priming may be compromised by explicit contamination. The present study examined the effects of environmental context on conceptual explicit (category-cued recall) and implicit memory (category production). Explicit recall was reduced by context change. The implicit test results depended on test awareness (assessed with a post-test questionnaire). Among test-unaware participants, priming was equivalent for same-context and different-context groups, whereas for the test-aware, the same-context group produced more priming. Thus, when explicit contamination is controlled, changes in environmental context do not impair conceptual priming. Context dependency appears to be a general difference between implicit and explicit memory rather than a difference between conceptual and perceptual implicit memory. Finally, measures of mood indicated no changes in affect across contexts, arguing against mood mediation for the context effects in explicit recall.     

Age-related improvements in a conceptual implicit memory test

The present study investigated developmental improvements in category exemplar generation priming in children from kindergarten to older elementary school age. The strength of categorical links for atypical exemplars increases in this age range, whereas category knowledge for typical exemplars remains relatively stable. Therefore, in comparison with older children, younger children should show less categorical-relational encoding and, thus, less priming for atypical items but not for typical items. This expectation was confirmed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, picture versus word format at study dissociated implicit and explicit performance, indicating that the age-related increase in priming for atypical exemplars in Experiment 1 was not an artifact of explicit contamination. The findings suggest that developmental improvements in conceptual priming can be observed when the conceptual knowledge relevant for a given task improves over the age range tested.     

Electrophysiological correlates of exemplar-specific processes in implicit and explicit memory

The present ERP study investigated the retrieval of task-irrelevant exemplar-specific information under implicit and explicit memory conditions. Subjects completed either an indirect memory test (a natural/artificial judgment) or a direct recognition memory test. Both test groups were presented with new items, identical repetitions, and perceptually different but conceptually similar exemplars of previously seen study objects. Implicit and explicit memory retrieval elicited clearly dissociable ERP components that were differentially affected by exemplar changes from study to test. In the indirect test, identical repetitions, but not different exemplars, elicited a significant ERP repetition priming effect. In contrast, both types of repeated objects gave rise to a reliable old/new effect in the direct test. The results corroborate that implicit and explicit memory fall back on distinct cognitive representation and, more importantly, indicate that these representations differ in the type of stimulus information stored. Implicit retrieval entailed obligatory access to exemplar-specific perceptual information, despite its being task irrelevant. In contrast, explicit retrieval proved to be more flexible with conceptual and perceptual information accessed according to task demands.     

内隐与外显记忆重复学习效果的比较研究

实验采用重学—分离设计 ,分别用知觉辨认和再认测验作为内隐、外显测量的测验方法 ,比较重学—启动测验的结果与重学—再认的结果 ,发现 :重学和间接测量的结合能有效地揭示内隐记忆的叠加现象 ;一次重学能使知觉启动测验的成绩产生明显的叠加效应 ;高意识水平学习后 ,低意识水平的重复学习不能改变外显测验成绩持续下降的趋势。     

The role of chronic physical exercise and selective attention at encoding on implicit and explicit memory

Despite the evidence revealing benefits of chronic cardiovascular exercise on executive functions, little research has been conducted on long-term memory. We aimed to investigate the effect of physical exercise on implicit and explicit memory when attention was modulated at encoding in two groups of active and sedentary participants. With this purpose, attention was manipulated in a similar way in the implicit and explicit memory tasks by presenting picture outlines of two familiar objects, one in blue and the other in green, and participants were asked to pay attention only to one of them. Implicit memory was assessed through conceptual priming and explicit memory through a free recall task followed by recognition. The results did not reveal significant differences between groups in conceptual priming or free recall. However, in recognition, while both groups had similar discrimination for attended stimuli, active participants showed lower discrimination between unattended and new stimuli. These results suggested that exercise may have effects on specific cognitive processes, that is, that active participants may suppress non-relevant information better than sedentary participants, making the discrimination between unattended and new items more difficult.     

Midazolam amnesia and conceptual processing in implicit memory

Prominent theories of implicit memory (D. Schacter, B. Church, & J. Treadwell, 1994) emphasize the dominant role of perceptual processing in mediating priming on perceptual implicit memory tests. Examinations of the effects of conceptual processing on perceptual implicit memory tests have produced ambiguous results. Although a number of investigations (e.g., J. Toth & R. Hunt, 1990) have demonstrated that variations in conceptual processing affect priming on perceptual implicit memory tests, these effects may arise because of the contaminating effects of explicit memory. The current experiment examined this controversy using midazolam, a benzodiazepine that produces a dense, albeit temporary, anterograde amnesia when injected prior to study. The experiment examined whether the effects of generation found on the implicit memory test of perceptual identification were affected by a midazolam injection prior to study. Results demonstrated that midazolam substantially diminished generation effects in free and cued recall, as well as overall performance on these tests, but had no detectable effect on the generation effect in perceptual identification.     

提取干扰对知觉和概念启动的影响

通过学习—测验范式,分别以词汇判断、语义分类任务为测验,探讨提取干扰对不同识别式记忆的影响差异。结果发现,实验1验证了识别式知觉内隐记忆的提取干扰效应,实验2发现识别式概念内隐记忆在提取干扰下也明显降低;两个实验启动量联合分析发现,相比无干扰条件,概念启动比知觉启动受到提取干扰的破坏更大。上述结果说明识别式内隐记忆的提取干扰具有普遍性,提取干扰产生了不同识别式内隐记忆之间的分离,识别式概念内隐记忆更容易受到提取干扰的影响。     

额叶参与对新异联系的启动效应——来自脑损伤病人的证据

对新异联系的启动效应是内隐记忆的一种形式,又称联想启动。采用知觉辨认任务,探讨额叶损伤与联想启动的关系。25例额叶损伤病人及18例匹配的正常被试参与实验。结果表明,额叶受损病人辨认旧词对与重组词对的正确率没有明显差别;而且,轻度记忆损伤的额叶病人再认成绩正常,但联想启动值低于对照组,内隐记忆和外显数、坚持性反应数和语词流畅性等有中度相关。这些结果提示,额叶不仅与情节记忆、工作记忆等外显记忆有关,也参与了以非相关词对为材料的联想启动。