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国家兴,语言强。近年来,汉语作为第二语言学习的认知神经机制研究日渐增长,但汉语二语学习脑机制的系统归纳及相关理论模型仍处于起步阶段。基于汉语二语学习近20年的脑机制研究,以及最新二语学习脑机制的研究和理论,可以归纳主要发现为:1)汉语声调学习最初依赖右颞上回和右额下回,掌握后转而依赖左颞上回;2)汉字字形学习与双侧额下回及右梭状回有关,而汉字语音学习则与左颞顶叶区相关;3)汉语二语学习初期会依赖右脑重要脑区(额下回、梭状回等),随汉语能力的提升,这种依赖减弱。综上,汉语二语学习与右脑关系密切,经历了由右侧功能主导转向双侧化或者左侧化的动态大脑发展变化过程。汉语学习者所采取的二语学习方法及其语音听辨能力,会影响学习者的语言功能、脑结构及其脑功能网络连接方式。未来研究可以从被试语言背景、研究范式和内容、数据分析等角度出发,探寻汉语二语学习的有效方法,构建并完善汉语二语学习认知神经机制的相关理论模型。 相似文献
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《心理科学》2016,(4)
汉语母语者对汉语声调的认知加工可分为亚词汇和词汇两种加工水平。亚词汇水平涉及对汉语声调的声学和语音加工,当无需主动注意参与时,现有研究在左右半球优势上尚未取得明确结论;当需要主动注意参与时,优势主要表现为左侧化,涉及左侧的布洛卡区、前运动区、前部脑岛、顶叶、顶枕联合区以及双侧听皮层附近脑区,这与语言加工双通路模型(HickokPoeppel,2007)中的背侧通路有很大重合。词汇水平涉及对汉语声调的识别,由双侧半球参与,顶叶、颞叶等部分脑区左侧优势更加明显,同时涉及颞中回等语言加工腹侧通路的核心区域。此外,个体对汉语声调认知加工的脑机制会受到语言经验的影响。 相似文献
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观点采择任务在心理理论脑机制研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以往的心理理论脑机制研究主要采用经典的错误信念任务或其变式。近年来,研究者开始将观点采择实验任务融入心理理论脑机制的研究中,得到了更为精确的研究结果。研究发现,心理理论涉及额叶—顶叶—颞叶的神经网络,它们是完成心理理论加工必不可少且功能各异的脑区。文章阐述了观点采择任务在心理理论脑机制研究中的具体应用,并指出今后应着重在发展认知神经科学的框架中,融合镜像神经元的最新成果展开对该领域的研究。 相似文献
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The current research addresses the hypothesis that certain aspects of sequential cognition have made substantial contributions to the human language processing capability, from a functional neurophysiology perspective. We first describe a cognitive sequence processing model that was developed based on the functional neuroanatomy of primate cortex and basal ganglia. We demonstrate how this model is capable of simulating the behavior of human infants in extracting serial, temporal and abstract structure from language-like sound sequences as revealed in recent psycholinguistic experiments. We then demonstrate how, through training, this model can perform adult level syntactic comprehension, based on dissociated processing streams for open vs. closed class words. The model subsequently predicts: (1) that impaired syntactic processing (as in agrammatic aphasia) will be associated with impairments in corresponding non-linguistic cognitive sequencing tasks, and (2) that neurophysiological processes (as revealed by ERPs) involved in syntactic processing should also be involved in the corresponding non-linguistic cognitive sequencing tasks. Data confirming these predictions are reviewed. We conclude that the study of sequential cognition will provide a new paradigm for the investigation of the neurophysiological bases of language. 相似文献
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M Vuković R Sujić M Petrović-Lazić N Miller D Milutinović S Babac I Vuković 《Brain and language》2012,123(1):22-29
Phonation is a fundamental feature of human communication. Control of phonation in the context of speech-language disturbances has traditionally been considered a characteristic of lesions to subcortical structures and pathways. Evidence suggests however, that cortical lesions may also implicate phonation. We carried out acoustic and perceptual analyses of the phonation of /a/ in 60 males with aphasia (20 Wernicke's, 20 Broca's, 20 subcortical aphasia) and 20 males matched in age with no neurological or speech-language disturbances. All groups with aphasia were significantly more impaired on the majority of acoustic and perceptual measures as compared with the control speakers. Within the subjects with aphasia, subjects with subcortical aphasia were more impaired on most measures compared to subjects with Broca's aphasia, and they, in turn, more impaired than those with Wernicke's aphasia. Lesions in regions involved in sound production-perception result in dysfunction of the entire neurocognitive system of articulation-phonological language processing. 相似文献
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视觉词汇加工的动态神经网络及其形成 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
揭示大脑加工的神经网络机制成为认知神经科学研究的最新取向.本研究以视觉词汇加工脑区(VWFA)的神经功能作为切入点,探讨视觉词汇加工神经网络的动态机制及其形成.研究一考察VWFA在刺激驱动和任务调节下的动态激活,及其与语音、语义脑区所组成神经网络的动态机制.研究二通过跨文化对比以及儿童阅读发展研究,阐明语言经验对视觉词汇加工网络的塑造作用.研究三对比功能网络、静息网络以及白质纤维束联结,探讨视觉词汇加工网络的动态联结及其形成.研究结果有助于建构视觉词汇加工的神经生理模型,为基于脑科学的阅读教学和阅读障碍矫治奠定理论基础,为认知神经科学研究提供了新的思路. 相似文献
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According to our clinical observations from various aspects of stroke patients, such as the total incidence of aphasia, the incidence of aphasia after left brain damage of the dextrals, the aphasia that occurs in patients without hemiplegia, and the types of aphasia, a much higher incidence of crossed aphasia is seen among the stroke patients of the Han (the largest ethnic group in China) as compared with the Uighur-Kazaks (U-K) in China and the Occidentals documented in the literature. Motor aphasia is most common and pure sensory or posterior aphasia is rarely seen in Han patients. The distinct features of the Chinese language is a possible explanation for this difference. We suspect that language function of the Han is not localized in the left brain but in the right or both hemispheres. There is no definite Wernicke's area in the left brain of the Chinese people and the neural pathway of the language function in the brain of the Chinese people is not similar to people who speak phonetic languages. Consequently the universal applicability of the theories of cerebral laterality of the language function and dominant hemisphere established by Dax and Broca are questioned in this paper. 相似文献
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The classifier problem in Chinese aphasia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In recent years, research on the relationship between brain organization and language processing has benefited tremendously from cross-linguistic comparisons of language disorders among different types of aphasic patients. Results from these cross-linguistic studies have shown that the same aphasic syndromes often look very different from one language to another, suggesting that language-specific knowledge is largely preserved in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In this paper, Chinese aphasic patients were examined with respect to their (in)ability to use classifiers in a noun phrase. The Chinese language, in addition to its lack of verb conjugation and an absence of noun declension, is exceptional in yet another respect: articles, numerals, and other such modifiers cannot directly precede their associated nouns, there has to be an intervening morpheme called a classifier. The appropriate usage of nominal classifiers is considered to be one of the most difficult aspects of Chinese grammar. Our examination of Chinese aphasic patients revealed two essential points. First, Chinese aphasic patients experience difficulty in the production of nominal classifiers, committing a significant number of errors of omission and/or substitution. Second, two different kinds of substitution errors are observed in Broca's and Wernicke's patients, and the detailed analysis of the difference demands a rethinking of the distinction between agrammatism and paragrammatism. The result adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that grammar is impaired in fluent as well as nonfluent aphasia. 相似文献
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言语产生的语音加工单元具有跨语言的特异性。在印欧语言中, 音位是语音加工的重要功能单元。音位指具体语言中能够区别意义的最小语音单位, 如“big”包含三个音位/b/, /i/, /g/。目前, 在汉语言语产生中, 对音位的研究较少。本项目拟采用事件相关电位技术, 对汉语言语产生中的音位加工进行探讨, 试图考察:在汉语言语产生中, 1)音位加工的心理现实性, 以及音位表征是否受第二语言、汉语拼音习得、拼音使用经验的影响?2)音位的加工机制是怎样的?具体而言, 音位加工的特异性、位置编码、组合方式、时间进程是怎样的?对这些问题的回答, 将有助于深化对汉语言语产生的认识, 为建立汉语言语产生计算模型提供基础; 为比较印欧语言与汉语在机制上的异同提供基础; 为制定汉语语音教育教学方法提供心理学依据。 相似文献
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E Perecman 《Brain and language》1984,23(1):43-63
The literature on language mixing in polyglot aphasics is reviewed and a case report of a patient with spontaneous translation is presented. A microgenetic model of language processing provides an interpretive framework for language mixing and spontaneous translation as symptoms of polyglot aphasia. It is suggested that language mixing reflects a deficit at the linguistic level while spontaneous translation reflects a deficit at the prelinguistic level of language processing. A hypothesis about the organization of multiple languages in a single speaker is proposed. 相似文献
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Crosson B McGregor K Gopinath KS Conway TW Benjamin M Chang YL Moore AB Raymer AM Briggs RW Sherod MG Wierenga CE White KD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(2):157-177
Animal analogue studies show that damaged adult brains reorganize to accommodate compromised functions. In the human arena,
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to study reorganization
of language substrates in aphasia. The resulting controversy regarding whether the right or the left hemisphere supports language
recovery and treatment progress must be reframed. A more appropriate question is when left-hemisphere mechanisms and when
right-hemisphere mechanisms support recovery of language functions. Small lesions generally lead to good recoveries supported
by left-hemisphere mechanisms. However, when too much language eloquent cortex is damaged, right-hemisphere structures may
provide the better substrate for recovery of language. Some studies suggest that recovery is particularly supported by homologues
of damaged left-hemisphere structures. Evidence also suggests that under some circumstances, activity in both the left and
right hemispheres can interfere with recovery of function. Further research will be needed to address these issues. However,
daunting methodological problems must be managed to maximize the yield of future fMRI research in aphasia, especially in the
area of language production. In this review, we cover six challenges for imaging language functions in aphasia with fMRI,
with an emphasis on language production: (1) selection of a baseline task, (2) structure of language production trials, (3)
mitigation of motion-related artifacts, (4) the use of stimulus onset versus response onset in fMRI analyses, (5) use of trials
with correct responses and errors in analyses, and (6) reliability and stability of fMRI images across sessions. However,
this list of methodological challenges is not exhaustive. Once methodology is advanced, knowledge from conceptually driven
fMRI studies can be used to develop theoretically driven, mechanism-based treatments that will result in more effective therapy
and to identify the best patient candidates for specific treatments. While the promise of fMRI in the study of aphasia is
great, there is much work to be done before this technique will be a useful clinical tool. 相似文献
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The neurology of syntax: language use without Broca's area 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Grodzinsky Y 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2000,23(1):1-21; discussion 21-71
A new view of the functional role of the left anterior cortex in language use is proposed. The experimental record indicates that most human linguistic abilities are not localized in this region. In particular, most of syntax (long thought to be there) is not located in Broca's area and its vicinity (operculum, insula, and subjacent white matter). This cerebral region, implicated in Broca's aphasia, does have a role in syntactic processing, but a highly specific one: It is the neural home to receptive mechanisms involved in the computation of the relation between transformationally moved phrasal constituents and their extraction sites (in line with the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis). It is also involved in the construction of higher parts of the syntactic tree in speech production. By contrast, basic combinatorial capacities necessary for language processing--for example, structure-building operations, lexical insertion--are not supported by the neural tissue of this cerebral region, nor is lexical or combinatorial semantics. The dense body of empirical evidence supporting this restrictive view comes mainly from several angles on lesion studies of syntax in agrammatic Broca's aphasia. Five empirical arguments are presented: experiments in sentence comprehension, cross-linguistic considerations (where aphasia findings from several language types are pooled and scrutinized comparatively), grammaticality and plausibility judgments, real-time processing of complex sentences, and rehabilitation. Also discussed are recent results from functional neuroimaging and from structured observations on speech production of Broca's aphasics. Syntactic abilities are nonetheless distinct from other cognitive skills and are represented entirely and exclusively in the left cerebral hemisphere. Although more widespread in the left hemisphere than previously thought, they are clearly distinct from other human combinatorial and intellectual abilities. The neurological record (based on functional imaging, split-brain and right-hemisphere-damaged patients, as well as patients suffering from a breakdown of mathematical skills) indicates that language is a distinct, modularly organized neurological entity. Combinatorial aspects of the language faculty reside in the human left cerebral hemisphere, but only the transformational component (or algorithms that implement it in use) is located in and around Broca's area. 相似文献
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The cognitive neuroscience of signed language 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The present article is an assessment of the current state of knowledge in the field of cognitive neuroscience of signed language. Reviewed lesion data show that the left hemisphere is dominant for perception and production of signed language in aphasics, in a fashion similar to spoken language aphasia. Several neuropsychological dissociations support this claim: Non-linguistic visuospatial functions can be dissociated from spatial functions and general motor deficits can be dissociated from execution of signs. Reviewed imaging data corroborate the lesion data in that the importance of the left hemisphere is re-confirmed. The data also establish the role of the right hemisphere in signed language processing. Alternative hypotheses regarding what aspects of signed language processing are handled by the right hemisphere are currently tested. The second section of the paper starts by addressing the role that early acquisition of signed and spoken language play for the neurofunctional activation patterns in the brain. Compensatory cognitive and communicative enhancements have also been documented as a function of early sign language use, suggesting an interesting interaction between language and cognition. Recent behavioural data on sign processing in working memory--a cognitive system important for language perception and production suggest e.g. phonological loop effects analogous to those obtained for speech processing. Neuroimaging studies will have to address this potential communality. 相似文献