A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior

Job performance is increasingly being seen to encompass constructs such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). To clarify the OCB-CWB relationship, a meta-analysis was conducted. Results indicate a modest negative relationship (p = -0.32). The relationship strength did not increase appreciably when the target of the behavior (the organization vs. other employees) was the same. Moreover, OCB and CWB exhibited somewhat distinct patterns of relationships with antecedents. The OCB-CWB relationship was moderated by the source of the ratings, the presence of antithetical items, and the type of response options. An employee-centric perspective is proposed whereby both OCB and CWB are perceived as adaptive behavior. Implications for organizations are discussed.     

社区暴力暴露与初中生外化问题行为的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

本研究采用问卷法对1041名初一中学生进行调查,考察了结交越轨同伴在社区暴力暴露与青少年外化问题行为关系间的中介作用,以及该过程是否受母子关系和/或父子关系的调节。结果发现：（1）在控制了年龄、性别、亲子关系、父母受教育水平、家庭类型、家庭人均月收入后,社区暴力暴露对初中生外化问题行为仍具有显著的正向预测作用;（2）社区暴力暴露不仅可以直接正向预测青少年外化问题行为,还可以通过结交越轨同伴而间接预测初中生外化问题行为;（3）母子关系显著调节社区暴力暴露对结交越轨同伴的影响,而父子关系显著调节结交越轨同伴对初中生外化问题行为的影响。     

Some historical relationships between science and technology with implications for behavior analysis

The relationship between science and technology is examined in terms of some implications for behavior analysis. Problems result when this relationship is seen as one in which science generally begets technology in a one-way, or hierarchical, relationship. These problems are not found when the relationship between science and technology is seen as two-way, or symmetrical, within a larger context of relationships. Some historical examples are presented. Collectively, these and other examples in the references weaken the case for a prevailing one-way, hierarchical relationship and strengthen the case for a two-way, symmetrical relationship. In addition to being more accurate historically, the symmetrical relationship is also more consistent with the principles of behavior analysis.     

歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为：师生关系和同学关系的作用

采用问卷法对894名农村留守初中生进行调查,探讨歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的关系,并考察师生关系和同学关系的作用。结果表明,歧视知觉正向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为,师生关系、同学关系负向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为;师生关系削弱了歧视知觉对母亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用,同学关系削弱了歧视知觉对双亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用;但师生关系和同学关系增强了歧视知觉对母亲外出和双亲外出留守初中生问题行为的作用。研究结果提示,歧视知觉是影响留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的危险因素,良好的师生关系和同学关系有利于降低留守初中生的孤独感、有利于预防和减少留守初中生的问题行为。     

Acquaintances,Lovers, and Friends: Rape Within Relationships1

The research examines offender behavior in 98 cases of male‐female acquaintance rape reported to the police in the United Kingdom. Each rape is defined according to the predominant style of offender behavior: intimacy, aggression, or criminality. Variations in the style of rape behavior are examined as a function of the prior victim‐offender relationship. The level of relationship intimacy between the victim and offender is defined empirically according to 4 variables: time acquainted, degree of familiarity, previous sexual relationship, and previous cohabitation. The results indicate that criminality style behavior is very infrequent in acquaintance rape. At low levels of relationship intimacy, the rape is more likely to be characterized by intimacy, rather than aggression style behaviors. The implications are discussed.     

Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger,emotion dysregulation,and impulsivity

Suicidality and violence are serious public health problems. A rich literature supports the relationship between suicidality and violence, including common associations with trait anger. However, less is known about how trait anger may facilitate these behaviors. Two potential mechanisms in this relationship are emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, both of which are linked to increased anger, suicidality, and violence. We investigated anger as a common underlying factor for both suicidal and violent behavior, and emotion dysregulation and impulsivity (i.e., negative and positive urgency) as potential mediators in this relationship. Results demonstrate that trait anger was associated with both suicidal and violent behavior. Further, emotion dysregulation mediated the anger and suicidal behavior relationship whereas both negative and positive urgency mediated the anger and violent behavior relationship. Although trait anger may be a common underlying factor for both suicidal and violent behavior, the nature of these relationships seems to vary significantly.     

班级同学关系与青少年外化问题行为:自尊和亲子亲合的作用

采用问卷法对1694名中学生进行调查,考察自尊在班级同学关系和青少年外化问题行为之间的中介作用,以及该中介过程是否受到亲子亲合（父子亲合和母子亲合）的调节。结果发现：（1）控制性别和年龄之后,班级同学关系对青少年外化问题行为具有显著的负向预测作用;（2）班级同学关系不仅可以直接负向预测外化问题行为,还可以通过自尊间接预测外化问题行为;（3）父子亲合和母子亲合均在班级同学关系与自尊的关系间起调节作用;（4）父子亲合而非母子亲合能够调节班级同学关系对外化问题行为的直接影响。总之,班级同学关系通过自尊的部分中介作用影响青少年的外化问题行为,且父子亲合和母子亲合进一步对该过程起到不同的调节作用。     

Effects of stress on defensive aggression and dominance in a water competition test

Water-deprived rats in a pair competing for a single source of water quickly establish a firm relationship during which one rat drinks consistently more (dominant) than the other (submissive) animal. This relationship is formed during the first competition and is very stable during subsequent tests. Exposure of dominant rats to a severe (18 hrs immobilization), but not a mild (2 hrs immobilization), stressor reduced markedly aggressive behavior and inverted transiently the dominant submissive relationship of the pairs. Exposure of submissive rats to the severe stressor resulted in only minor reductions of aggressive behavior in these animals. Prestress anxiety predicted stress effects in the dominant animals in that high-anxious animals lost more dominant behavior and weight during stress as compared with low-anxious rats. Thus, severe stress can transiently reduce dominant but not submissive behavior during water competition and high-anxious rats are more prone to lose their aggressive behavior.     

Online low‐key conspicuous behavior of fashion luxury goods: The antecedents and its impact on consumer happiness

Nowadays, people tend to show off in a more conservative rather than ostentatious way, that is, “low‐key style.” This paper focuses on consumers' low‐key conspicuous behavior on social media after they purchase fashion luxury goods, so as to explore the antecedents of this behavior, as well as its impact, on consumer happiness. Our results show that motivations for self‐representation and avoidance of negative comments from others trigger the low‐key conspicuous behavior. Afterward, this behavior will positively affect consumers' short‐term happiness through both perceived self‐image and perceived interpersonal relationship, while enhancing long‐term happiness only through perceived interpersonal relationship. The reason may be that the temporary pleasure brought by the improvement of perceived self‐image is not enough to raise the quality of life, but an improvement in one's interpersonal relationship is a lifelong benefit.     

Mediators of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder

A history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) increases the risk of suicidal behavior and the lifetime number of suicide attempts in adults with BPD. Despite a strong association, specific variables mediating the relationship between CSA and adult suicidal behavior in BPD have not been identified. This study examined risk factors for suicidal behavior as potential mediators of the relationship between CSA and suicide attempts in 151 men and women with BPD. Diagnostic, clinical, and psychosocial risk factors, as well as CSA, and suicidal behaviors, were assessed by standardized interviews or self-rated measures. Psychotic and schizotypal symptoms, and poor social adjustment, were associated with both CSA and suicidal behavior, and partially mediated the relationship between CSA and attempter status. Psychotic and schizotypal symptoms in BPD define a vulnerability to cognitive and perceptual distortions under stress. They increase the likelihood of suicidal behavior in BPD, especially in the absence of mitigating social support. A theoretical model for suicidal behavior in BPD is presented which integrates direct, mediated, and moderated pathways between childhood sexual abuse and temperament, adolescent and adult risk factors, and suicidal behavior.     

残疾儿童心理健康对家长亲职压力的影响:有调节的中介效应

为探讨残疾儿童心理健康与家长亲职压力的关系,揭示亲社会行为在残疾儿童情绪行为问题与家长亲职压力之间的中介作用,以及问题影响程度的调节效应,本研究采用短式亲职压力量表、长处和困难问卷分别对199名残疾儿童及其家长进行问卷调查,结果发现：（1）残疾儿童情绪行为问题对家长的亲职压力有显著的正向预测作用;（2）亲社会行为在残疾儿童情绪行为问题与亲职压力之间起着部分中介的作用;（3）问题影响程度能够调节该中介效应,当问题影响程度越小时,中介效应越显著。可见,亲社会行为能够缓冲残疾儿童情绪行为问题对家长亲职压力的负向影响,并且问题影响程度越小,这种缓冲作用越明显。     

Role perceptions and behavior of the immediate superior: moderating effects on the prediction of leadership effectiveness

The relationship between role conflict or role ambiguity and behavior of the immediate superior is investigated. It is hypothesized that behaviors which are associated with subordinates' role perceptions will moderate the relationship between subordinates' ability and their performance. First- and second-level leaders were asked to provide data on their job attitudes, co-worker relations, and experience. Respondents were also given a short test of intelligence, and their job performance was rated by knowledgeable superiors. Results show that boss behavior creating role conflict for first-level leaders was a significant moderator for these leaders' ability and performance correlations. For second-level leaders, boss behavior which created role ambiguity was a significant moderator of ability and performance correlations. It is concluded that experience has a positive relationship with performance when stress is high and that intelligence has a positive relationship with performance only when stress is low. It is further argued that stress with the boss is best described as behavior which leads to role conflict and ambiguity for subordinates in leadership positions. Implications for role theory and leadership theory are discussed.     

父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用青少年攻击行为量表、青少年攻击信念量表、亲子关系量表和儿童感知父母冲突量表对506名青少年进行测查,结果表明：（1）父母冲突对青少年攻击信念和攻击行为均有显著的正向预测作用;（2）青少年攻击信念在父母冲突与攻击行为之间起着中介作用;（3）青少年攻击信念与攻击行为的关系（中介效应的后半段路径）受到亲子关系的调节,即父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响是有调节的中介效应。     

内疚与亲社会行为的关系：来自元分析的证据

内疚作为一种典型的道德情绪, 被认为具有亲社会作用, 但很多研究却发现内疚并不总能促进亲社会行为。为了明确内疚对亲社会行为的作用, 分析造成结论分歧的可能原因, 本研究采用元分析方法探讨了特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响。共有46篇文献92个独立样本纳入元分析(N = 17248)。元分析结果表明：(1)特质内疚与亲社会行为之间存在中等程度的正相关, 二者之间的关系受到亲社会行为类型的调节, 相比较捐赠、助人、环保行为等, 特质内疚与补偿之间的相关更强; (2)启动内疚状态能显著提升个体的亲社会行为, 但两者之间的关联呈较小的效应量, 亲社会行为对象在其中起到调节作用, 感到内疚的个体更愿意对受害方做出亲社会行为; (3) p曲线(p-curve)分析发现, 两个元分析研究的p曲线均呈显著右偏态, 表明特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响均存在真实的效应, 而不是出版偏倚或者p hacking导致。     

Depression, impulsivity and health-related disability: A moderated mediation analysis

The goal of the current study is to examine how impulsivity affects the relationship between depression and health-related disability. Specifically, we examined impulsivity as a possible moderator of this relationship, as well as alcohol use, smoking, and binge eating as possible mediators. The study utilized the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys (N = 20,013, mean age = 43.38, female = 57.3%). We conducted a series of moderated mediation analyses to test hypotheses. In all analyses, the relationship between depression and health-related disability was mediated by each maladaptive coping behavior, and the relationship between depression and the behavior was moderated by impulsivity. The study supports the utility of examining the individual difference mechanisms that might drive the relationship between depression and health-related disability.     

母亲感知的共同教养对幼儿行为问题的影响：一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨婚姻冲突在母亲感知的共同教养与儿童行为问题之间的中介作用,以及儿童心理韧性在其中的调节作用,本研究选取上海市2所幼儿园170名5岁儿童及母亲进行为期一年的追踪,结果发现:(1)母亲感知的共同教养与婚姻冲突、儿童行为问题呈显著负相关;(2)婚姻冲突在母亲感知的共同教养与儿童行为问题之间起中介作用;(3)儿童心理韧性在婚姻冲突影响儿童行为问题的关系中起调节作用,即儿童心理韧性调节了中介过程的后半段路径。上述结果表明,母亲感知的共同教养会通过婚姻冲突影响学龄前儿童行为问题,儿童拥有较高的心理韧性能够缓冲父母婚姻冲突对儿童行为问题的不良影响。     

吸烟者感知吸烟社会规范与社交性吸烟行为的关系：身份认同和关系观的作用

考察吸烟者身份认同和关系观在感知吸烟社会规范与社交性吸烟行为关系中的作用。对1016名吸烟者进行问卷调查,结果表明：（1）感知吸烟社会规范显著正向预测社交性吸烟;（2）身份认同对感知吸烟社会规范和社交性吸烟关系起部分中介作用;（3）关系观正向调节感知吸烟社会规范和社交性吸烟的关系,而对感知吸烟社会规范和身份认同关系的调节不显著。研究支持了感知吸烟社会规范影响社交性吸烟的身份认同机制和文化价值观调节机制。     

A Behavior Analytic Interpretation of the Therapeutic Relationship

The paper examines, from a behavior analytic perspective, the mechanisms through which change occurs within the context of the therapeutic relationship in individual psychotherapy. The analysis focuses upon the therapist’s shaping of the client’s behavior through subtle nonverbal cues and explicit verbal analyses. In the relationship, therapists modify behavior that has created difficulties for the client in the natural environment, and clinical change is dependent upon the extent to which those in the natural environment will reinforce functionally similar response classes. Ferster’s distinction between natural and arbitrary reinforcement and Skinner’s distinction between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior are also used to describe the manner through which change occurs. The goal of the paper is to stimulate behavior therapists to look more closely at the therapeutic relationship as a mechanism of clinical change and to help those of other perspectives see how their effectiveness within the relationship can be understood using the principles of learning.

     

Contributions of positive behavior support amid lingering questions over its relationship with behavior analysis: A review of Positive behavior supports for adults with disabilities in employment,community, and residential settings by Storey and Post

Positive Behavior Supports for Adults with Disabilities in Employment, Community, and Residential Settings by Keith Storey and Michal Post (2019) presents valuable information for support providers and clinicians working with adults in inclusive settings who display challenging behavior. Numerous examples of challenging behavior encountered in such settings are provided along with a multitude of interventions for addressing the behavior in ways that comport with the values of positive behavior support (PBS). This review highlights contributions of the Storey and Post book and considers the content in regard to the controversial relationship between PBS and applied behavior analysis (ABA). The authors specify ABA as the foundation of PBS, but questions linger about the exact PBS–ABA relationship that will likely affect the book's ultimate contribution. Concern over the relationship is illustrated in regard to qualifications of behavioral professionals whom the authors often refer to as being necessary to help support providers develop and implement PBS interventions.     

亲子关系对贫困儿童问题行为的影响

以247名贫困儿童为被试进行问卷调查,构建家庭社会经济地位和亲子关系对贫困儿童问题行为的多重中介模型,得到抑郁、自我控制的中介作用。结果显示,亲子关系和社会经济地位分别通过中介路径影响贫困儿童问题行为,与亲子关系有关的中介路径为91.25%,与抑郁有关的中介效应为57.60%,与自我控制有关的中介效应为57.15%. 结论：良好的亲子关系或成为贫困儿童的保护因子;应关注贫困儿童心理健康,增加有效心理疏导机制;注重培养贫困儿童的自我控制能力。