组织氛围对员工行为有效性的影响机制

该研究采用问卷调查法和专家评估法探讨员工行为有效性的影响机制.结果表明:(1)组织氛围对员工行为有效性有积极的影响.(2)员工的自我效能感在组织氛围与绩效间起完全中介作用,在组织氛围与组织承诺间起部分中介作用,在组织氛围与满意度之间没有中介效应.(3)员工的自我效能感、满意度和组织承诺在组织氛围与员工绩效间起完全中介作用.(4)组织氛围对员工绩效的影响存在双重中介效应.结论:组织氛围对员工绩效的影响机制非常复杂,不仅可以直接影响,而且还可以通过影响员工的自我效能感、满意度和组织承诺等多种中介效应来影响.     

Comments on the Ikonen and Rechardt papers on the death drive and the origin of shame

In this paper, psychoanalysis is viewed as a method in opposition to the reigning spirit of our age with its demands for fast and measurable results. The concept ?the psychoanalytic room” is introduced in order to grasp the uniqueness of psychoanalysis and how it distinguishes itself from what is ordinarily held to be included under the category of work. The psychoanalytic room is explored in both a concrete and metaphoric sense and is discussed in relation to the concept of time, reality, Ogden's concept of the analytic third, and, inspired by Winnicott, children's play. The playroom of the child and its similarity with the analytic room is illustrated by the book ?Benny's Bathtub” by the Danish author Flemming Kvist Møller.     

And who thinks on the baby? Thoughts on the method of infant observation

Abstract

After the method of infant observation, as developed by Esther Bick, and its significance for psychoanalytic training have been outlined, the method is critically assessed. The suggestion is then made that infant observation should be supplemented by video-analytic infant observation. Finally, thoughts on modifications of the process of infant observation are presented.     

Vibrotactile adaptation on the face

Threshold amplitude for vibration is elevated if testing is preceded by extended exposure to a vibratory adapting stimulus of appropriate amplitude and frequency. This phenomenon, previously studied almost exclusively on the hand, is here shown for the first time to occur on the face as well. Adaptation is then used analytically to determine that the two-branched threshold-versus-frequency function obtained on the face by Verrillo and Ecker (1977) represents the activity of two distinct mechanisms. Action spectra of vibrotactile adaptation reveal the presence of both mechanisms even in subjects whose unadapted threshold function (like that reported by Barlow, 1987) shows no sign of duplexity. Finally, the data suggest that on the face (unlike the hand), cross-channel adaptation may occur at high adapting amplitudes.     

Off the stage,on the page: on the relationship between advocacy and scholarship

When and how should scholars of religion draw a line between advocacy and research activities? In what ways does advocacy contribute to or cut against scholarly credibility? Addressing these questions from the intersection of the academic study of religion and Indigenous Studies, this article opens by asserting that both fields are frequently hampered by deferential treatments of their subject matter, a problem that is potentially exacerbated when scholars in these fields engage in forms of political advocacy. Problematizing this narrative, the author turns to his ethnographic experiences in Hawai'i with regard to burial-protection struggles in order to describe ways his theoretical commitments and advocacy activities stand in tension and how he has attempted to navigate these competing but sometimes complementary elements of his scholarly life. In this context, a heuristic definition of advocacy is advanced in order to sketch a spectrum of forms, ranging from direct advocacy (e.g., physical action, legal testimony, or publication) to indirect advocacy (e.g., sharing documents, brainstorming about pending issues, or providing transportation to a meeting). The article concludes with reflections on advocacy and changing institutional demands upon scholars in the humanities and social sciences with reference to perceived public relevance.     

Remarks on the Absentminded Driver

Piccione and Rubinstein (1997) present and analyse the sequential decision problem of an “absentminded driver”. The driver's absentmindedness (imperfect recall) leads him to time-inconsistent strategy evaluations. His original evaluation gets replaced by a new one under impact of the information that the circumstances have changed, notwithstanding the fact that this change in circumstances has been expected by him all along. The time inconsistency in strategy evaluation suggests that such an agent might have reason to renege on his adopted strategy. As we shall see, however, this danger is only apparent. There is no serious problem of dynamic inconsistency in this case. My diagnosis of the case under consideration is in many respects similar to the one provided by Aumann, Hart and Perry (1997), but the analysis leading to this diagnosis is not quite the same. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thoughts on the eve of the millennium

Spiritually hungry is how I would characterize our society in this last part of the twentieth century in the United States. Jung's statement that the world is hanging by a slender thread, and that only consciousness can save it, seems appropriate here.     

Buddhist Influences on the Idea of the Unconscious

This article evaluates the role of Buddhism in helping to shape a key concept in psychology. The essay begins by deconstructing the synchronicity of Kant's publication of the Critique of Pure Reason with the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Sir William Jones. The implications of these two separate yet meaningfully related events, occurring within just a few years of each other, contribute to a re-vision of the word unconscious. With the influx of actual Sanskrit works, through the popular Asiatic Researches and other publications, the idea of the unconscious began to take on new value. Under the impact of a critical paradigm shift in Western thought via the work of Kant and the burgeoning science of comparative linguistics, the conception of unconscious thought processes is shown to have evolved semantically. This development is traced through a series of stages, identified as aesthetic, philosophical, and scientific. The aesthetic usage is exemplified in the Lyrical Ballads of Coleridge and Wordsworth, both of whom were familiar with Sanskrit literature. The philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, a student of Kant and an early champion of Buddhism, echoed Buddhist notions of dharma and pratitya samupada. The “revised” conceptualization of the unconscious then passed into a scientific stage, through psychological researchers such as Fechner and Wundt. This is followed by the clinical application of the concept within the school of psychodynamic psychology, characterized by Freud and Jung.     

《自然法论文集》

这里,洛克讨论了两个主题:是否有自然法?如何认识自然法?经验向人类表明,如果没有自然法,则无良心、善恶之分,甚至不会有人类社会的存在。但是,如果的确有自然法,又何以并非人人受其约束?这表明自然法绝非人人知晓的天赋观念。显然也不可能经由传统、教育和普遍同意来获得自然法的知识,因为传统、权威学说千差万别。所以,在洛克看来,人唯有依凭其本性,即感觉经验与理性这两种天赋能力的共同指引获得自然法的知识,它之普遍性寓于共同的人性中,即寓于洛克所认为的人之共有的感觉经验与理性领悟中。而对如何认识自然法的论述也初步表达了其经验知识论的思想。     

A Discourse on the Good

Aristotle was wont to say that most of those who heard Plato's Discourse on the Good had the following experience. Each came thinking he would be told something about one of the recognised human goods, such as Wealth, Health or Strength, or, in sum, some marvellous Happiness. But when it appeared that Plato was to talk on Mathematics and Numbers and Geometry and Astronomy, leading up to the statement that the Good was Unity, they were overwhelmed by the paradox of the whole matter. Some then pooh-poohed the whole thing and others were outraged by it.

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Davidson on the Identity Theory

Abstract

… if we bear well in mind the scope of our senses and what it is exactly that reaches our faculty of thinking by way of them, we must admit that in no case are the ideas of things presented to us by the senses just as we form them in our thinking. So much so that there is nothing in our ideas which is not innate to the mind or the faculty of thinking, with the sole exception of those circumstances which relate to experience, such as the fact that we judge that this or that idea which we now have immediately before our mind refers to a certain thing situated outside us. We make such a judgment not because these things transmit the ideas to our mind through the sense organs, but because they transmit something which, at exactly that moment, gives the mind occasion to form these ideas by means of the faculty innate to it. Nothing reaches our mind from external objects through the sense organs except certain corporeal motions… in accordance with my own principles. But neither the motions themselves nor the figures arising from them are conceived by us exactly as they occur in the sense organs, as I have explained at length in my Optics. Hence it follows that the very ideas of the motions themselves and of the figures are innate in us. The ideas of pains, colors, sounds and the like must be all the more innate if, on the occasion of certain corporeal motions, our mind is to be capable of representing them to itself, for there is no similarity between these ideas and the corporeal motions.     

基于文化生态模式比较的和谐思想研究

作为中国传统文化重要源头的齐鲁文化,其实体是由儒、道、法、墨等文脉构成的,它们揭示了人类社会生存与发展的脉络,并以多元理论诠释了实现普遍和谐与稳定的思想。基督教是西方传统文化“基因图谱”的根源,它以宗教的方式阐释了上帝是造就人类社会至善至美的始动者,信奉上帝所言而行是创造和谐的必然。本文通过对不同文化生态模式的比较,析离出中西方和谐观各自产生的本源及对当代世界和平与发展的深刻影响。     

Traces on the Blackboard: The Vestiges of Racism on the African American Psyche

This essay draws upon race theory, psychoanalysis, and pastoral care to address the remnants of past and current racial trauma in the African American psyche. The metaphor of “traces on the blackboard” is the chief means by which I attempt to delineate how African Americans, although experiencing new echelons of social progress, are still struggling to eliminate the distorted models of self-identification which were promulgated by the dominant culture. I also discuss the failure of psychodynamic psychotherapies to address the traces of racism, make proposals for how they may go about identifying these traces, and explore the role that pastoral care and, in particular, pastoral counseling may play in enervating these traces.     

Edwards on the Will

Jonathan Edwards' The Freedom of the Will advances an ethical argument concerning the nature of the freedom that a person must have to be considered morally culpable. The view he opposes, that free decisions must be uncaused, is shown to be now common in Western culture, and the results he predicted of that are displayed. His own view, whereby a free decision is one constrained only by moral causes, is shown to be theologically grounded and consistent with ethical responsibility. Mention is made of the virtue ethic he relied upon, and of the predestinarian nature of the account.     

Further reflections on the impact of clinical writing on patients

Though it is unlikely that instituting universal guidelines will ever be possible for patient approval of the analyst's use of clinical material outside of the treatment setting, the author offers some supplementary refl ections to those already available in the literature. Broadly applied informed consent guidelines would increase the distortion that already exists in our clinical literature due to self-imposed restraints by writers. Moreover, the powerful irrational forces mobilized by consent in the dyad are not easily 'held' by traditional applicable legal categories. Metapsychological formulations of the intrapsychic and intersubjective impact of patient participation in the writing process on individual analytic dyads are needed. Notions of privacy protection, validation, dyadic co-construction, or writing-as-containment by a third as rationales for informed consent fail to encompass the transindividual and external sources of human identity and the ineradicable lack of unity in the unconscious. Nevertheless, theoretical affi nity and preferred technique may be mediating factors in positive outcomes of the consent process. Some paradigms not only accommodate more comfortably but also actively seek the intersubjective repercussions of informed consent. Asanalternativeorcomplementaryviewpoint, theauthoroffersthehypothesis that the clinical ramifi cations of either disguise or consent are not exclusively, nor even necessarily, concerned with what patients read about themselves, but what they assess or intuit-directly or indirectly through the material presented-of their analyst's unconscious strivings. To truly triangulate the clinical reporting project, it is wisest to consult the third ear of a colleague to assess the potential impact on patients on what might be being unconsciously transmitted by the analyst in the writing and the consent process     

Similes on the Internet have explanations

We searched the Internet for expressions linking topics, such as crime, and vehicles, such as disease, as similes (crime is like a disease) and as metaphors (crime is a disease). We counted the number of times the expressions were accompanied by explanations (crime is like a disease because it spreads by direct personal influence). Similes were more likely than metaphors to be accompanied by explanations. Similes may be preferred if a writer wants to express an out-of-the-ordinary relation between the topic and the vehicle.     

A note on the influence of grouping on illusory contours

It is well known that dots superimposed on the Koffka cross change the shape of the illusory surface. It has been claimed, but never proved, that this effect is due to the shape of the virtual figure inwhich the dots organize. In this note it is proved that the shape of the virtual figure is indeed the crucial factor. In fact, the shape of the illusory surface changes if the way in which the dots organize is altered by adding other dots; if, then, the former organization is restored by adding further dots, the illusory shape is restored too, at least to a large extent.     

Priority setting in health care: on the relation between reasonable choices on the micro-level and the macro-level

There has been much discussion about how to obtain legitimacy at macro-level priority setting in health care by use of fair procedures, but how should we consider priority setting by individual clinicians or health workers at the micro-level? Despite the fact that just health care totally hinges upon their decisions, surprisingly little attention seems being paid to the legitimacy of these decisions. This paper addresses the following question: what are the conditions that have to be met in order to ensure that individual claims on health care are well aligned with an overall concept of just health care? Drawing upon a distinction between individual and aggregated needs, I argue that even though we assume the legitimacy of macro-level guidelines, this legitimacy is not directly transferable to decisions at micro-level simply by adherence to the guidelines’ recommendation. Further, I argue that individual claims are subject to the formal principle of equality and the demands of vertical and horizontal equity in a way that gives context- and patient-related equity concerns precedence over equity concerns captured at the macro-level. I conclude that if we aim to achieve just health care, we need to develop a complementary framework for legitimising individual judgment of patients’ claims on health care resources. Moreover, I suggest the basic structure of such a framework.     

Bullinger and Zwingli on the Salvation of the Heathen

Abstract

Zwingli's vision of heaven in Exposition of the Faith (1531), published by Bullinger in 1536, included several named heathen. This provoked Luther's accusation in 1544 that Zwingli was himself heathen. Bullinger defended Zwingli against this charge in 1545. The article examines the arguments used by Zwingli here and elsewhere and those that Bullinger used in his defence. It shows both the common ground between them and the differences, especially in relation to election.     

Effects of psychoactive agents on the conditioning of the microcirculation in the rat

Normal vascular tonus and permeability of the microcirculatory network is mediated by catecholamines, histamine and serotonin. Following electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), histamine did not provoke local vasodilatation. The inhibition was further potentiated by drugs which prevent the enzymatic or physical inactivarion of free catecholamines and by locally administered norepinephrine. This system became conditioned to a visual stimulus when rats were presented in six consecutive occasions with the visual stimulus preceedingly coincided with the administration of ECT. In the conditioned rats, light alone inhibited the histamine-induced vasodilatation, and this inhibition was potentiated by sub-effective doses of injected norepinephrine and by drugs which prevent the enzymatic or physical inactivation of catecholamines. Sedatives, antidepressants, MAO inhibitors and the chlorpromazine-type agents as well as the psychotomimetic drugs characteristically influence either the acquisition or the extinction of the conditioned reflex. Results suggest that the obtained conditioning of the microcirculatory functions are mediated by tie centrally released catecholamines.