克服逆反心理

逆反心理是指人们彼此之间为了维护自尊、而对对方的要求采取相反的态度和言行的一种心理状态。前苏联心理学家普拉图诺夫在《趣味心理学》一书的前言中，特意提醒读者请勿先阅读第八章第五节的故事。大多数读者却采取了与告诫相反的态度，首先翻看了第八章的内容。这就叫心理的逆反现象。     

一部高质量的孔学工具书──《孔子言行录》评介

孔子在古代被尊为“至圣先师”，对中国文明的发展起了至关重要的作用。但由于孔子生前没有留下自己的著作，后人只有通过孔门弟子及其后学所记载的孔子言行才能了解这位至圣的思想。从战国时代开始，不断有人从事孔子言行的搜集和整理。但令人遗憾的是，在这类编著中，真正被广大读者接受、具有经久不衰的影响力的仅为编定于战国时代的《论语》一书。与现存全部孔子言行相较，《论语》所收孔子言行约占１／１５强。其他同类编著如三国王肃的《孔子家语》、清代孙星衍的《孔子集语》，所收孔子言行均远远多于《论语》，却未能得到广泛认可，…     

太多的机遇披着苦难的外衣款款而来

总爱听爱看人间故事，平生不知过耳过目多少故事，但记住的不多。许多故事或长或短，或悲或喜，都匆匆在眼前上演，在耳旁一过而落幕，似风吹白云般，在印象中了无痕迹。但总有一类故事能给人在流年中烙下深深印记，比如《圣经》中约瑟的人生轨迹。约瑟的故事以苦难开始，以悲情敷陈，以华丽结局，让人一气读完，似乎瞬间就改变了自己，纠正了人生，拯救了灵魂。     

郭简乐论及其主旨

本文以郭店楚简为主要诠释文本,证之以传世典籍,从儒家对言行的重视、将言行归"性"、以"情"见"性",通过讨论"情"的问题转进至儒家乐论的核心、终极根据及其实现的途径,最后从先秦至秦汉时期的背景知识层面探讨郭简乐论的主旨.     

我们需要不断重复着……

<正>打从孩子能够坐起来以后,我就每晚给他们读圣经故事。孩童的理解力有限,能被编进儿童圣经的故事也不多。陪孩子们看了大概两年后,儿童圣经里的故事我们都读过了、讲过了。虽然孩子当时还在幼童阶段,喜欢重复听同一个故事,     

能见玉帝金銮殿——游普救寺

几百年来，以崔莺莺和张生恋爱结合为主线的名剧《西厢记》，早已家喻户晓了。可是，故事发生的真实地点，恐怕知道的人就不那么多了。最近，我怀着半是好奇半寻踪的心情，走马观花地游览了这个神话世界般的美好去处。     

“比德阿”浅析──应辨证地看待伊斯兰教关于“异端”与“创新”之说

“比德阿”一词系阿拉伯语　　的音译。字面意为“没有先例的创新。”该词属于中性词，即“创造”，正如《古兰经》云：“他是天地的创造者”（２：１１７），又云：“你说：‘我不是破天荒的天使。’”（４６：９）。伊斯兰教法中将“比德阿”定力“无明确证据的异端创新或标新立异”。就术语而言，该词一般指“一反伊斯兰教义、仪礼、制度、传统习尚而另图新意的言行、主张”。 “比德阿”的具体含义及界定往往因教派、学派的不同而不同，因时空的变化而有所变化，不是一成不变的。如某教派视为合乎教义、教法的某种言行、主张，而另一派…     

论中国伊斯兰学者的“认主独一”思想

伊斯兰教“认主独一”的思想来自于《古兰经》，它像一条红线贯穿于穆斯林的日常言行之中。《古兰经》是真主启示的经典，是穆斯林一切言行的指导者，穆斯林只有顺从真主，接受启示，才能对真主忠贞不渝，修行善功，宽厚仁慈。穆斯林坚信，真主是创造者、供给者和保护者，...     

我们能宽容到什么程度

我们该如何定义宽容呢？［１］宽容在于当别人的言行不合自己的心意，一目了然地令人不快，或在道德上令人反感时，我们仍听之任之。但是，究竟何谓不合心意，何谓令人不快，何谓在道德上令人反感，人人都会感到这里存在非同小可的分歧。为了尊重这种直觉，我建议区分狭义...     

儿童对秘密的理解与友谊关系的发展

儿童对秘密的理解在儿童心理发展上具有重要意义.它对于儿童认识世界、促进自我意识发展有重要作用.通过秘密的分享或保守，儿童学会友谊、信任和责任感等，从而加速社会化过程。本实验选用沃生等实验中的4个故事，以个别访谈的形式探查下列问题：1.儿童对秘密的理解;2.儿童会不会把朋友的秘密告诉母亲;3.儿童会不会把秘密告诉朋友;4.如果朋友把秘密告诉了别人会不会影响友谊关系。2方法2.1被试：从天津市普通幼儿园和小学随机抽取5、6、8、10、12岁儿童各20名，男女各半，智力正常.2.2材料：4种秘密的故事，犯错的秘密、天真的秘密、危险的…     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.