中重度弱智儿童词汇表达的研究

中重度弱智儿童普遍存在不同程度的语言发展方面的问题,他们获得第—个词的时间通常是24—30个月,到四岁时。才开始出现较多的、有意义的词;弱智儿童的词汇量相当有限,而且词汇的累积和增加非常缓慢,使用的词类也不全面。国外的研究者对于弱智儿童词汇发展的研究主要形成了两种观点：其—是弱智儿童与相同智龄的正常儿童相比,在词汇表达和理解方面都要落后;其二是智龄可以预测弱智儿童词汇发展的能力。     

对弱智儿童(学龄初期)心理发展特点的一些分析

本文探讨了学龄初期弱智儿童心理发展的规律和特点,结果表明:轻度和中度的弱智儿童,在适当的教育条件下,他们的心理能力有随年龄增长而上升的趋势,但发展是有限的,轻度弱智儿童的心理发展水平,一般不超过十岁的正常儿童:而中度弱智儿童的心理发展水平普遍低于八岁正常儿童,重度弱智儿童的心理能力没有随年龄增长而呈上升的发展趋势.     

弱智儿童单句理解过程的实验研究

弱智儿童单句理解过程的实验研究刘晓明,张明（东北师范大学心理学系）１引言单句的理解是儿童掌握语言和各种语法关系的基础,是儿童语言发展的重要组成部分。但弱智儿童如何理解和处理单句,则一直是一个尚未探索的新领域,弱智儿童作为特殊的教育群体．有其自身的特点...     

弱智儿童语言获得的研究

１引言弱智儿童作为一个特殊的群体，普遍存在语言的获得与发展的问题。有关研究始于本世纪初，据不完全统计，在１９００—１９７５年间。大约有７５０多篇关于弱智者语言问题的研究论文以英文发表，其中大多数发表在１９５０—１９７５年间；据美国心理学会１９９４年统计，１９６７—１９９３年１１月期间，有８１７篇关于弱智者语言发展的论文发表［１］。这说明，弱智儿童语言的获得与发展问题已越来越多地引起有关学者的注意。２语言前期的发展对正常儿童而言，这一阶段通常在出生后的１８个月内完成，而对于中、重度弱智儿童，这个阶…     

弱智儿童视觉-动作控制的实验研究

该研究探讨了弱智儿童视觉-动作控制能力。弱智儿童被试30人,平均年龄13.5岁,平均智商53.9。实验结果与正常人的结果作了比较。结果显示,弱智儿童的视觉-动作控制能力只相当五六岁正常儿童的水平,远落后于正常中青年及老年的水平。这表明,智力缺陷与发展水平对人的视觉-动作控制能力有明显影响。     

智障儿童和正常儿童外显记忆与内隐记忆的比较研究

本实验采取加工分离程序(PDP)对38名弱智儿童的外显记忆与内隐记忆进行研究,并与47名正常儿童进行比较,结果认为:(1)正常儿童外显记忆明显优于弱智儿童,但在内隐记忆方面,正常儿童与弱智儿童没有显著差异;(2)本实验中,年龄对内隐记忆和外显记忆均没有影响。研究结果对弱智儿童的教育方面有启示作用;另外,PDP实验由于其本身的复杂性,在对特殊人群进行施测时,需要特别注意。     

弱智儿童与正常儿童触觉长度知觉的对比研究

1　前言研究资料表明 ,弱智儿童动作笨拙 ,对动作的理解与模仿能力低于正常儿童 ;抓物时常常双手并用 ,右利手表现不突出 ;语言能力差 ,进步缓慢 ;他们的记忆力与正常儿童存在很大差别。　　本实验研究弱智儿童触觉长度知觉能力 ,并探讨他们该种能力低于正常儿童的脑功能基础。2　研究方法被试中的弱智儿童来自开封市两所弱智儿童学校 ,有效被试 3 5名 ,平均年龄 1 2 9岁 (最大年龄 1 5岁 ,最小年龄 1 0岁 ) ,平均智商 56 9。正常儿童来自河南大学附属小学和附属中学 ,共 3 5名 ,平均年龄 1 2 6岁。两组被试中的男女性别比例均接近对半。…     

弱智儿童心理旋转的研究

该研究探讨了一组9~12岁弱智儿童的“心理旋转”能力,该组儿童平均年龄10.1岁,平均智商（IQ）53.8（中度智力残疾）。研究结果与正常儿童（均龄8岁）作了比较。结果显示,弱智儿童的心理旋转能力明显较之正常儿童为差,智力缺陷对视觉图形空间定向能力（心理旋转）有着明显的影响。但无论弱智儿童或是正常儿童的结果均未发现性别差异。     

弱智儿童的记忆能力及其培养

本实验用A·P·鲁利亚提出的回忆实验方法,对可11名正常儿童和21名弱智儿童的记忆能力作了比较。结果表明:(1)弱智儿童虽然大脑受损,记忆能力低于正常儿童,但仍然有一定的记忆能力;(2)在记忆后第1—2天内和第6天之前,应着重让弱智儿童进行复习;(3)对弱智儿童,宜多采用直观教学法;(4)给弱智儿童用的教材内容应有更多的他们所熟悉的内容;(5)弱智儿童与正常儿童相比,记忆能力的差异既表现在数量上,也表现在质量上;(6)教师在教学工作中,要对弱智儿童进行记忆的培养。     

弱智儿童视觉搜寻目标定向运动速度的实验研究

本实验采用“找数字”的实验任务,对弱智儿童视觉搜寻目标定向运动速度进行研究,结果表明:(1)弱智儿童的搜寻时间显著大于正常儿童:(2)随着智残程度的加重,搜寻时间随之增长,但三类弱智儿童之间没有显著差异:(3)不论是弱智儿童还是正常儿童,附有图案的搜寻时间显著大于没有图案的,正常儿童尤其显著(P<.01)。作者对上述结果进行了分析,并结合其它相关研究,认为整个心理有缺陷、智力全面弱化是弱智儿童区别于盲人、聋哑人和肢体残疾人的一个重要特点。     

The differential validity of hyperactivity/attention deficits and conduct problems among mentally retarded children

The independence of hyperactivity, attention deficits, and conduct problems among mentally retarded children was addressed using factors of the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-39 (CTRS-39) and the more recently developed IOWA Conners' inattention/overactivity (IO) and aggression (A) subscales. CTRS-39 ratings were obtained for children of normal intelligence and for mentally retarded children. Differences between the groups were examined as were intercorrelations of the Conners' factors and IOWA subscales. Conduct problems proved to be less strongly associated with hyperactivity and attention deficits among mentally retarded children compared to children of normal intelligence. However, attention problems and conduct problems may be associated with mental retardation in general. Implications of these data and CTRS scoring system recommendations for mentally retarded children are discussed.     

自闭症幼儿的情感认知特点的实验研究

本实验采用3(组别)×4(基本情绪)×3(实验材料)×2(实验条件)的混合设计的方法对平均心理年龄24个月的6名自闭症幼儿和心理年龄与之相近的6名正常儿童和6名弱智儿童的情感认知特点进行了比较性的研究。实验结果表明:在“语言提示”条件下,自闭症幼儿的正答率远远低于正常儿童和弱智儿童,但在“表情提示”条件下,自闭症幼儿与弱智幼儿几乎没差距,在对“愤怒”和“惊恐”等情绪的认知中,正答率高于弱智幼儿。这意味着自闭症幼儿可能运用了其他的替代策略进行情感认知。     

Does medics' social identification increase handicap for mentally retarded patients?

Briefs about mentally retarded people are more negative than briefs about other social categories; professionals, such as medical doctors evaluate them most negatively of all. It was hypothesized (a) that medics' beliefs about mentally retarded people are mediated by psychological salience of their clinical social identification, rather than by personal characteristics that medics happen to share and (b) that such beliefs will bias decisions, rather than enhance accuracy. Forty-five doctors and medical students were randomly assigned to conditions designed to enhance salience of their shared clinical social identification or individual self-perceptions. Subjects completed semantic differentials about mentally retarded people and distinguished between slides of ‘mentally retarded’ and ‘normal’ children. Beliefs of subjects in the medical condition were significantly more negative than those in the personal condition. A signal detection analysis revealed no difference between conditions in subjects' ability to distinguish between children but showed that subjects in the medical condition were significantly more likely to judge a child ‘mentally retarded’ when in doubt. Results were discussed within an information processing framework and supported the idea that a salient clinical social identity can mediate beliefs that are likely to handicap patients.     

Intra-Individual Variability of Normal and Educable Mentally Retarded Children on a Coincidence Timing Task

A visual coincidence timing task was used to compare the level of performance (constant error) and the intra-individual variability of 100 normal and 100 educable mentally retarded children. The mean performance of the intellectually normal children on this task was significantly superior to that of the retarded children, and the intra-individual variability of the latter was significantly greater than that of the former. The hypothesis that high intra-individual variability and depressed level of performance are closely associated was not supported.     

表情强度对自闭症儿童面部表情识别影响的实验研究

为探寻自闭症儿童在识别低强度（10%,30%）、中强度（40%,60%）和高强度（70%,90%）的愤怒和开心面部表情时,识别情绪类型的既有能力和差异。采用表情标签范式,用E-prime软件在电脑上呈现不同强度的3D合成面部表情刺激,分别对10名自闭症儿童、10名正常发育儿童和10名智障儿童进行了实验研究。结果发现,自闭症儿童在低强度表情时具有面部表情识别障碍,其对不同强度面部表情识别正确率显著低于智障儿童和正常发育儿童;自闭症儿童面部表情识别正确率与面部表情强度呈正相关,面部表情强度越大,自闭症儿童面部表情识别的正确率越高;自闭症儿童对低强度面部表情识别时,对开心表情的识别正确率高于愤怒表情,但是,在中强度和高强度面部表情识别时,存在显著的愤怒优势效应。     

Caregiver interactions with autistic children

Caregiver interactions with young autistic children were contrasted with those involving caregivers and developmentally matched mentally retarded and normal infants. Caregivers of autistic children were similar to other caregivers in their responsiveness to child nonverbal communication bids and in their engagement in mutually sustained play. Caregivers of autistic children were similar to caregivers of mentally retarded children in their greater use of control strategies. However, these two groups of caregivers differed in the particular strategies they used to shape their children's behavior. Caregivers of mentally retarded children pointed to objects while caregivers of autistic children spent more time physically holding their children on task. Individual differences within the autistic sample indicated that caregivers regulated their children's behavior less and showed more mutual play and positive feedback to more communicatively able autistic children. These findings suggest that caregivers respond differentially to the specific deficiencies shown by their children.     

The Rôle of the Acquired Distinctiveness of Cues in the Acquisition of a Motor Skill in Children

The fears of 133 boys and girls aged 7 to 19, classified as educable mentally retarded (EMR), trainable mentally retarded (TMR), and specific learning disabled (SLD), were ascertained through self-report data and compared with those of 106 normal children aged 6 to 12. Similar developmental trends were found in all groups, with younger children reporting more unrealistic fears than older children. When mental age was calculated for the EMR and TMR children, their developmental trends closely approximated those of the normal children. In general, exceptional children were found to have a much wider range and a greater number of fears than normal children. Most fears were found to be realistic, learned, and dependent upon the child's intellectual and maturational level.     

Heart-rate variability during nocturnal sleep in mentally retarded children.

Heart-rate variability in four normal and 30 mentally retarded children was investigated during nocturnal sleep. In four normal and 25 mentally retarded subjects, a high frequency component defined as spectral activity between 0.15 and 0.5 Hz was found in the compressed spectral array of the power spectra. A periodic change was seen in the high frequency component which corresponded precisely to the sleep cycle. However, four children with mental retardation did not show normally expected changes in the high frequency components specific to the sleep stages: a quantity of the high frequency component in only one sleep cycle (n=2; 6 mo. and 3 yr., 8 mo.), a decreased quantity and discontinuity of the high frequency component in only the second sleep cycle (n=1; 1 yr., 2 mo.), and no high frequency component in any sleep cycle (n=1; 3 mo.) These findings suggest that some mentally retarded children have an abnormal parasympathetic nervous activity.