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1.
Herein is described an 18-month adventure involving the translation to computer-aided instruction (CAI) format of a traditional module that had been successfully used for years in an experimental psychology course. The primary focus of the paper is on the lessons learned during this transition. The major problems of translation that were encountered are discussed, as are unanticipated, often seemingly trivial, human-factors problems that were the most troublesome, and, consequently, the most educational. 相似文献
2.
Several recent developments have made computers accessible to the blind and partially sighted: hard-copy (paper) and softcopy (raised-pin) braille output, magnified high-resolution characters, and synthetic speech. We report survey data on these users’ computer education, tasks, and goals; their hardware uses and preferences, particularly for special-purpose I/O devices; and seven classes of human-factors problems that affect the use of these I/O devices by the visually impaired. 相似文献
3.
A variable-interval timer with an audible tone output was designed to pace participants in human-factors studies. The timer can be operated in a continuous (recycling) mode or in a time-out (“beat-the-clock”) mode. In the continuous mode, the audible tone is emitted at the end of the preset interval and a new timing cycle is begun. In the time-out mode, the research participant must depress a switch both to avoid the tone and to begin a new cycle. The time interval can be digitally programmed for intervals from 1 sec to 2 h and 45 min. The operation of the timer is described, and construction details are provided. 相似文献
4.
We examined the effect of voice-feedback delay on learning to type nonsense strings on a reduced computer terminal keyboard. The results suggest that long delays (1,642 msec) affect learning of the keyboard before mastery, whereas shorter delays (841 msec) do not. With mastery, subjects learn to ignore the disruptive effects of long feedback delays. Feedback delay may nevertheless be an important human-factors issue for blind consumers who are learning to type with a voice-based system, and for hardware and software designers of systems for the blind and visually impaired. 相似文献
5.
Doris Aaronson 《Behavior research methods》1982,14(2):137-141
Psychology users of the Unix operating system responded to questionnaire items concerning the use of Unix, the ease of learning and using Unix, and the value and quality of the system for their research needs. The data suggest that Unix is poor according to human-factors criteria, but good according to programming and systems criteria. 相似文献
6.
Drawing developmental predictions from dual-process theories is more complex than is commonly realized. Overly simplified predictions drawn from such models may lead to premature rejection of the dual process approach as one of many tools for understanding cognitive development. Misleading predictions can be avoided by paying attention to several cautions about the complexity of developmental extrapolations. The complexity of developmental predictions follows from the fact that overall normative responding at a given age derives from several different mental characteristics: (1) the developmental course of Type 1 processing, (2) the developmental course of Type 2 processing, (3) the acquisition of mindware usable by Type 1 processing, (4) the acquisition of mindware usable by Type 2 processing, and (5) the practicing of the mindware available to Type 2 processing to the extent that it is available to be processed in an autonomous manner. The complexity of all these interacting processes and sources of information can sometimes result in U-shaped developmental functions on some heuristics and biases tasks, making younger children look like they are responding more optimally than older children. This is particularly true when the youngest groups are ill-equipped to even understand the task and thus respond randomly. A final caution concerns terminology: The terms normative or rational should be reserved for responses and not attributed to subpersonal processes. 相似文献
7.
William N. Dunn 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1991,4(4):36-55
Conclusion Policy analysis is a specialized intellectual activity that affects and is affected by the exercise of power, rule, and authority
in knowledge systems. The organized complexity of this system, formed by the interpenetration of tangled knowledge functions
which appear as a river delta, raises doubts about the appropriateness of policy impact as a standard of accountability for
policy analysts. The typical practice of “random medition” may be replaced with forms of “systematic mediation” which, directed
towards the investigation of rival hypotheses about the policy impact of policy analysis, enlarges the scope of usable ignorance.
The strategy of usable ignorance, supplemented by recommendations in areas of agenda setting, managing pragmatic validity,
and methodology development, is a way to begin dealing with the organized complexity of the knowledge system in which policy
analysts work today.
Reprinted with permission from Dunn, W.N., & Kelly, R.M. (Eds.) (in press). Advances in policy studies since 1950: Vol. 10.
Policy studies review annual. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 相似文献
8.
Tamara Martin-Causey J. Scott Hinkle 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,73(3):305-310
Practitioners often employ therapeutic interventions with their clients without a systematic method for evaluating the effectiveness of such procedures. This is typically due to the imprac-ticalities of true experimental designs in the clinical setting. The authors present a case in which multimodal therapy is applied to an aggressive preadolescent in a high-management residential setting. Methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation are demonstrated using a single-subject accountability model. A practical and usable method of determining the clinical significance of multimodal therapy is employed. 相似文献
9.
Wilson P Puckering C McConnachie A Marwick H Reissland N Gillberg C 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(1):63-71
We tested the feasibility of parents recording social interactions with their infants using inexpensive camcorders, as a potential method of effective, convenient, and economical large scale data gathering on social communication. Participants were asked to record two short video clips during either play or a mealtime, and return the data. Sixty-five video clips (32 pairs) were returned by 33 families, comprising 8.5% of families contacted, 44.6% of respondents and 51.6% of those sent a camcorder, and the general visual and sound quality of the data was assessed.Audio and video quality were adequate for analysis in 85% of clips and several social behaviours, including social engagement and contingent responsiveness, could be assessed in 97% of clips. We examined two quantifiable social behaviours quantitatively in both adults and infants: gaze direction and duration, and vocalization occurrence and duration. It proved difficult for most observers to obtain a simultaneous clear view of the parents and infant's face.Video clips obtained by parents are informative and usable for analysis. Further work is required to establish the acceptability of this technique in longitudinal studies of child development and to maximize the return of usable data. 相似文献
10.
Genetic counseling students were surveyed about their backgrounds, application process to genetic counseling programs, and
career motivations and plans. Program directors from 27 accredited programs were asked to distribute 362 surveys to students.
Fifty-two survey items assess demographics; sources of support for pursuing a genetic counseling career (information about
genetic counseling, encouragement/discouragement from others); career motivations (reasons for applying and for becoming a
genetic counselor); and career certainty. Two hundred and thirty-five usable surveys were returned (64.9% usable return rate).
Most respondents were Caucasian females (mean age = 25.4 years). About 13% identified as ethnic minorities, and about one-third
reported family histories of a genetic condition(s). Most respondents learned about the field in classes, and most were strongly
encouraged by family and friends to pursue genetic counseling. Reasons rated as most important for becoming a genetic counselor
included helping others and intellectual stimulation. Recruitment, training, and research recommendations are given. 相似文献
11.
The ability to sustain attention is a critical cognitive domain that emerges in infancy and is predictive of a multitude of cognitive processes. Here, we used a heart rate (HR) defined measure of sustained attention to assess corresponding changes in frontal electroencephalography (EEG) power at 3 months of age. Second, we examined how the neural underpinnings of HR-defined sustained attention were associated with sustained attention engagement. Third, we evaluated if neural or behavioral sustained attention measures at 3-months predicted subsequent recognition memory scores at 9 months of age. Seventy-five infants were included at 3 months of age and provided usable attention and EEG data and 25 infants returned to the lab at 9 months and provided usable recognition memory data. The current study focuses on oscillatory power in the theta (4–6 Hz) frequency band during phases of HR-defined sustained attention and inattention phases. Results revealed that theta power was significantly higher during phases of sustained attention. Second, higher theta power during sustained attention was positively associated with proportion of time in sustained attention. Third, longitudinal analyses indicated a significant positive association between theta power during sustained attention on 9-month visual paired comparison scores such that higher theta power predicted higher visual paired comparison scores at 9-months. These results highlight the interrelation of the attention and arousal systems which have longitudinal implications for subsequent recognition memory processes. 相似文献
12.
13.
Phineas Kadushin Caroline Cutler Sheldon E. Waxenberg Clifford J. Sager 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(5):438-450
The Family Story Technique (FST) was devised because of its promising versatility in the assessment among family members of affect, interactional patterns, and outlook on the future. The FST makes use of ten selected TAT cards and a modification of Fine's scoring system. Reliability of scoring in terms of per cent agreement between two scorers was found to range from 67% to 100% for usable categories. Potential usefulness of the FST in family diagnosis and family patterning of interactions is illustrated by a case presentation of family FST scores. 相似文献
14.
One important element of complex and flexible tool use, particularly where tool manufacture is involved, is the ability to select or manufacture appropriate tools anticipating the needs of any given task—an ability that has been rarely tested in non-primates. We examine aspects of this ability in New Caledonian crows—a species known to be extraordinary tool users and manufacturers. In a 2002 study, Chappell and Kacelnik showed that these crows were able to select a tool of the appropriate length for a task among a set of different lengths, and in 2002, Weir, Chappell and Kacelnik showed that New Caledonian crows were able to shape unfamiliar materials to create a usable tool for a specific task. Here we examine their handling of tool diameter. In experiment 1, we show that when facing three loose sticks that were usable as tools, they preferred the thinnest one. When the three sticks were presented so that one was loose and the other two in a bundle, they only disassembled the bundle when their preferred tool was tied. In experiment 2, we show that they manufacture, and modify during use, a tool of a suitable diameter from a tree branch, according to the diameter of the hole through which the tool will have to be inserted. These results add to the developing picture of New Caledonian crows as sophisticated tool users and manufacturers, having an advanced level of folk physics.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 相似文献
15.
Nigro T 《Ethics & behavior》2003,13(2):191-201
The British Columbian Members of the Canadian Guidance and Counselling Association were surveyed to explore their attitudes regarding dual relationships. Of 529 deliverable surveys, 206 usable returns yielded a response rate of 39%. The survey instrument collected data regarding respondents' characteristics and ethicality ratings of 39 dual relationship activity items. An exploratory principal components analysis was performed on responses, resulting in a 4-factor equation, which accounted for 44% of the total variance. The results suggest that, although conceptual considerations of dual relationship typology do underlay the resultant factors, the relative ethicality of each item is also influential. 相似文献
16.
Methodology in school-based evaluation is importantly affected by economic and ethical constraints often absent or less pressing than in larger-scale evaluations. These and other factors also operate in the specialized school-based evaluations such as that of school psychological services. Defensible evaluation designs must take into account the impossibility of random assignment and reduced options for the use of control groups. In addition there are numerous pressures on the construction and deployment of measuring devices and a need for ingenuity in performing statistical analyses. This article explicates these issues and outlines alternative approaches to methodology which can result in usable data for school decision making. 相似文献
17.
This study developed scales for Chapman's five expressions of love: quality time, receiving gifts, words of affirmation, physical touch, and acts of service (two dimensions). A total of 338 student respondents were surveyed resulting in 321 usable surveys (95%). Of this total, 177 were women and 144 men, with a median age of 24 yr. 相似文献
18.
Frederick Ferré 《Zygon》1993,28(4):441-453
Abstract. Two major contenders for the role of robust environmental ethics claim our allegiance. One is Baird Callicott's, based on the land ethic formulated by Aldo Leopold; the other is that of Holmes Rolston, 111, sharply distinguishing environmental from social (human) ethics. Despite their many strengths, neither gives us the vision we need. Callicott's ethic leaves too much out of his picture; Rolston's leaves too much disconnected between nature and humankind. A really usable environmental ethic needs to be both comprehensive and integrated. For that, we need a worldview that includes the human in nature but also affirms the unique values of personhood. 相似文献
19.
JAMES R. REST 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1980,58(9):602-605
Describing Kohlberg's interview test and his own Defining Issues Test (DIT), Rest assures us that we now have usable, reliable ways of assessing an individual's moral judgment development level. There is evidence for accepting a developmental sequence in moral judgment, from low stage thinking to higher stage thinking. Rest reviews the evidence for three aspects of morality as part of the cognitive domain, although numerous other factors beyond moral judgment influence concrete behavior. The author offers impressions about educational interventions. Moral judgment theory is considered the current best choice for “theoretical richness, practical implications, validated findings.” 相似文献
20.
Gary Perlman 《Behavior research methods》1982,14(4):417-421
The software described runs on Version 7 UNIX, although most run on earlier versions. Using the curses package requires two program libraries from the Fourth Berkeley Distribution (CURSES and TERMLIB). Using any of the functions requires knowledge of programming, preferably in C (Kernighan & Richie, 1978), but the sample experimental control program is usable by nonprogrammers. Because no special hardware is assumed, the resolution of timed presentations and reaction time recordings may not be accurate enough for some purposes. Functions for stimulus presentation have a resolution of 1 sec, and those for timing responses are accurate to about 17 msec. 相似文献