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当错误发生后,人们往往会放慢错误后反应的速度,以避免错误的再次发生,许多研究者认为,这是自上而下的认知控制对错误后反应的影响.为了探讨刺激属性是否也在错误后的反应中起作用,本研究从刺激同一性角度出发,探讨错误反应刺激与错误后刺激的同一性以及反应-刺激间隔时间(RSI)对错误后反应的影响.结果发现,当错误后的刺激与错误反应的刺激一致时,可减小错误后反应时延长的程度,同时,RSI越大,PES越小.本研究得出结论,刺激同一性和RSI作为自下而上的刺激驱动在PES的产生过程中发挥了作用. 相似文献
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生活中,个体会时时关注自己的行为结果并及时做出调整以适应环境的变化。但在应激下个体能否有效地监控行为并做出适应性调整依然未知。本研究招募了52名男性大学生被试,将其随机分入应激组与控制组,采用特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test, TSST)诱发个体的应激反应,并结合错误意识任务(Error Awareness Task,EAT)探索个体急性应激下的错误监控与错误后调整过程。应激指标的结果显示应激组个体在应激任务后唾液皮质醇、心率、应激感知自我报告和负性情绪均显著高于控制组,表明急性应激的诱发是成功的。行为结果显示应激组的错误意识正确率显著低于控制组,错误意识反应时显著短于控制组;进一步地,应激组个体在意识到错误之后的试次上正确率显著低于未意识到错误之后的试次,并且应激组个体在意识到错误之后的试次上正确率低于控制组。结果表明急性应激降低了个体对错误反应的监控水平,即便在辨别出错误反应的情况下,个体的行为监控与调节也更差。本研究说明急性应激会损伤行为监控系统,导致个体的行为适应性下降。 相似文献
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错误相关负电位(ERN)及其理论解释 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
错误动作发生后,在个体额叶中部可观察到一个明显的负相电位偏移,这称为“错误相关负电位”(error related negativity,ERN)。有研究者提出了“强化学习理论”,认为ERN反映了当前行为结果与预期之间的差异。与此不同的是“冲突监控理论”,认为ERN与反应冲突有关。还有研究者提出了“失匹配理论”,强调实际反应的神经表征(错误反应)与当前任务所要求的反应表征的差异产生了ERN。在阐述ERN的理论解释基础上,对三者之间的关系进行了分析与整合。 相似文献
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关于错误记忆成因的解释主要有三种理论:建构主义理论、来源监控理论、模糊痕迹理论。建构主义理论认为对经验的记忆和对其解释的混合导致错误记忆产生;来源监控理论主张记忆来源的混淆或错误归因导致错误记忆发生;模糊痕迹理论断言当需要精确记忆却提取主旨记忆时或提取错误精确记忆时就会产生错误记忆。 相似文献
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将GO/NO-GO任务范式和错误意识判断范式相结合,对21名ADHD儿童,27名正常儿童,在错误监控中的错误觉察水平进行考察,结果表明:1)ADHD儿童能够正常觉察到自己的错误反应;2)错误意识判断任务诱发出ADHD儿童的错误延迟效应,这种作用,既是因为该任务能够刺激ADHD儿童的有意觉察,又因为该任务无形中增加了GO/NO-GO任务中的刺激间隔时间。该结果表明,增加刺激间隔时间,可能会促使ADHD儿童改变错误后的反应策略,对错误反应进行错误调节,提高其错误监控水平。 相似文献
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现有研究一致认为意识到错误可引起错误后调整,但是未意识到错误能否促使个体进行错误后调整尚存争议。本实验采用基于go/no-go范式的错误意识任务考察上述问题,并根据被试对自己按键反应正误主观报告将no-go错误反应分为意识到错误和未意识到错误。行为结果发现,意识到错误和未意识到错误后正确率均显著高于正确击中试次(正确go试次)后正确率;但是,意识到错误后试次反应时显著快于正确击中后反应时,未意识到错误后反应时显著慢于正确击中后反应时。该结果表明两类错误均优化了错误后行为表现,但是意识到错误后被试调整速度加快,未意识到错误后被试调整速度减慢。进而,时频分析发现意识到错误相较于未意识到错误诱发显著更强的alpha波能量。并且,前者在错误意识主观报告前已诱发alpha波,后者在错误意识主观报告反应后诱发alpha波。该结果表明意识到错误一直处于持续的注意监控中,而未意识到错误是任务引起的暂时注意控制。因此,本实验说明错误意识影响错误后调整,意识到错误可能采用类似主动性控制的策略调节错误后行为,而未意识到错误可能采用类似反应性控制的策略调节错误后行为。 相似文献
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该实验以经典DRM词表为实验材料,采用简化后的联合范式来探讨注意资源对老年人错误记忆的影响。比较老年人和青年人在注意集中和注意分散条件下的错误记忆成绩。结果发现,老年组的虚报率显著高于青年人的虚报率,特别在注意集中条件下。更重要的是,老年人在注意集中条件下的虚报率与青年人在注意分散条件下的虚报率相比无显著差异,同时两种条件下的判断标准差异也不显著。结果显示,老年人相比于青年人有更多错误记忆的原因可能是注意资源的不足。 相似文献
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冲突适应效应研究述评 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
冲突适应效应指在一致性任务的试次序列中, 被试在前一试次中经历冲突后会使其在当前试次中更好的解决冲突。目前对于该效应有冲突监测理论、特征整合理论和学习理论三种不同的解释。研究者们对冲突适应的产生条件(诱发冲突适应的冲突性质、范围和程度)进行了大量的研究, 同时, 对冲突适应效应的影响因素(工作记忆、注意资源及动机和情绪)也做了探讨。未来的研究应将认知因素和非认知因素结合起来探讨冲突适应效应的产生条件及影响因素, 并加强神经机制的研究, 以更好的揭示冲突适应效应的实质。 相似文献
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Mirela Dubravac Claudia M. Roebers Beat Meier 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(2):287-305
Detecting an error signals the need for increased cognitive control and behavioural adjustments. Considerable development in performance monitoring and cognitive control is evidenced by lower error rates and faster response times in multi-trial executive function tasks with age. Besides these quantitative changes, we were interested in whether qualitative changes in balancing accuracy and speed contribute to developmental progression during elementary school years. We conducted two studies investigating the temporal and developmental trajectories of post-error slowing in three prominent cognitive conflict tasks (Stroop, Simon, and flanker). We instructed children (8-, 10-, and 12-year-old) and adults to respond as fast and as accurately as possible and measured their response times on four trials after correct and incorrect responses to a cognitive conflict. Results revealed that all age groups had longer response times on post-error versus post-correct trials, reflecting post-error slowing. Critically, slowing on the first post-error trial declined with age, suggesting an age-related reduction in the orienting response towards errors. This age effect diminished on subsequent trials, suggesting more fine-tuned cognitive control adjustments with age. Overall, the consistent pattern across tasks suggests an age-related change from a relatively strong orienting response to more balanced cognitive control adaptations. 相似文献
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《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(3):278-285
A slow-down in reaction time (RT) after committing an error is a well-known effect. Recently, Notebaert and colleagues (Notebaert et al., 2009; Núñez Castellar, Kuhn, Fias, & Notebaert, 2010) suggested that posterror slowing is a reaction to the infrequent nature of errors. After infrequent errors, posterror slowing was observed but after infrequent correct trials, postcorrect slowing was observed. These data were obtained in a paradigm with trial-by-trial feedback. In this study we tested whether posterror slowing was similar with and without immediate feedback. We manipulated the overall accuracy parametrically per condition (50%, 70%, and 90% accuracy) and predicted an increase in posterror slowing as the accuracy increased. This linear effect was observed with and without immediate feedback. The data are interpreted in terms of an orienting response towards unexpected events. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2018,59(5):511-517
Previous reports have found increased error rate for children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ) on response time (RT ) computer tasks. Here we attempt the conceptual replication and extension of two studies that examined error rate in a general population of children (N = 203). Study 1 followed Johnstone and Galletta but considered associations between scores on a dimensional measure of ADHD symptoms (rather than comparing those with or without an ADHD diagnosis) and the frequency of commission and omission errors. Study 2 followed Shiels, Tamm & Epstein and examined post‐error adjustment in the same group of children as for Study 1. Study 1 did not replicate previous findings of no increase in errors of commission in those with higher ADHD symptoms (Johnstone & Galletta). Instead, we found that younger children with lower ADHD symptoms were more likely to make commission errors, while omission errors did not vary with age. Study 2 replicated the previous finding of less RT slowing in children with more ADHD symptoms, extending this finding to a general population of children. Namely, as ADHD symptoms increase, RT slowing is less likely, putting children with higher ADHD symptoms at risk of additional errors. Overall, we extend previous ADHD research to typically developing children with ADHD symptoms. 相似文献
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Gyrgy Buzski 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1982,37(3):461-484
The goal of this review is to compare two divergent lines of research on signal-centered behavior: the orienting reflex (OR) and autoshaping. A review of conditioning experiments in animals and humans suggests that the novelty hypothesis of the OR is no longer tenable. Only stimuli that represent biological “relevance” elicit ORs. A stimulus may be relevant a priori (i.e., unconditioned) or as a result of conditioning. Exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicts a positive reinforcer causes the animal to orient to it throughout conditioning. Within the CS-US interval, the initial CS-directed orienting response is followed by US-directed tendencies. Experimental evidence is shown that the development and maintenance of the conditioned OR occur in a similar fashion both in response-independent (classical) and response-dependent (instrumental) paradigms. It is proposed that the conditioned OR and the signal-directed autoshaped response are identical. Signals predicting aversive events repel the subject from the source of the CS. It is suggested that the function of the CS is not only to signal the probability of US occurrence, but also to serve as a spatial cue to guide the animal in the environment. 相似文献
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情绪冲突是心理学中一个新的研究主题,相关研究主要源自认知冲突的研究。本文分三部分对情绪冲突进行了介绍,包括:(1)情绪冲突的溯源,概括介绍了认知冲突领域的研究情况;(2)与情绪冲突有关的行为研究,包括采用情绪Stroop范式、词-面孔Stroop范式、情绪启动范式和情绪Flanker范式等进行的研究;(3)情绪冲突的脑成像研究,主要包括情绪冲突的检测和解决的脑机制。未来的研究,需要广泛借鉴认知冲突的研究范式,对情绪冲突发生的条件、影响因素、动态变化及相应的神经机制进行深入研究,并结合对情绪障碍(如抑郁症和焦虑症)患者的考察,将基础研究转化为实际应用 相似文献
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《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(3):508-524
Mistakes in skilled performance are often observed to be slower than correct actions. This error slowing has been associated with cognitive control processes involved in performance monitoring and error detection. A limited literature on skilled actions, however, suggests that preerror actions may also be slower than accurate actions. This contrasts with findings from unskilled, discrete trial tasks, where preerror performance is usually faster than accurate performance. We tested 3 predictions about error-related behavioural changes in continuous typing performance. We asked participants to type 100 sentences without visual feedback. We found that (a) performance before errors was no different in speed than that before correct key-presses, (b) error and posterror key-presses were slower than matched correct key-presses, and (c) errors were preceded by greater variability in speed than were matched correct key-presses. Our results suggest that errors are preceded by a behavioural signature, which may indicate breakdown of fluid cognition, and that the effects of error detection on performance (error and posterror slowing) can be dissociated from breakdown effects (preerror increase in variability). 相似文献
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Two-factor theory remains a viable account of avoidance behavior. By emphasizing the interplay of respondent and operant contingencies, two-factor theory encourages the analysis of stimuli that mediate molar consequences and incorporates control by local events as well as events that are temporally remote, improbable, or cumulative. 相似文献
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情感启动行为研究概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在西方心理学界,情感启动的研究是近20年来的一个比较活跃的研究领域,研究者们采用多种实验任务和研究方法进行了大量实验,取得了一定的研究成果,证明了人的态度能够被自动激活,并提出了三种对情感启动效应的理论解释:激活扩散机制,反应冲突机制,情感匹配机制。但到目前为止,不同的研究之间仍然存在着一定的分歧。今后的研究应该重点探讨评价自动激活的内在机制,从而促进情感启动的无意识研究。 相似文献