行动控制导向:行动导向和状态导向

Kuhl(1984)基于德国传统意志心理学,提出了行动控制理论。该理论认为个体在行动控制上会发展成两种不同导向——行动/状态导向。在要求情境和威胁情境中,两种行动控制导向在认知、情感及行为表现上都存在差异,继而影响个体行动意向到行动的转化效用。文章重点介绍两种行动控制导向的内涵、测量及诱导方法,同时总结行动控制导向个体差异的相关研究,最后指出未来研究应重视对行动控制导向的测量、影响因素、文化差异及其在特殊岗位的选拔应用。     

作为人格维度的时间洞察力研究

时间洞察力是个体对于时间的认知、体验和行动(或行动倾向)的一种人格特质．本文从时间洞察力的研究途径,以及它与情绪、目标设定和学习动机等的关系出发,概述了作为人格维度的时间洞察力研究。     

行动的认知表征水平

个体行动认知表征水平是与个人的行动而非一般心理功能具有特定关联的思维风格。它是一个80年代后兴起的研究领域。本文围绕行动认知表征水平研究的背景、认知表征水平与行动的交互作用以及行动认知表征水平的个体差异展开介绍。文章最后讨论了该研究的不足。     

目标概念的辨析及其对决策的影响

目标对决策的影响过程包含了明晰目标的决策过程和在目标的动机作用下完成后续决策任务的过程。目标是个体期望实现的多个未来结果相互之间竞争动机作用的结果。依据对未来结果的渴望性和可行性等特征的认知, 个体抉择出某个未来结果作为自己的目标, 使其具有了动机作用。在明晰目标的过程中, 解释水平、自我控制的人格特质和成功经验都会产生重要影响。在明确了目标以后, 目标通过改变个体对有利于目标实现的决策备择方案的态度和选择性注意来影响个体的决策。未来研究可以从目标的意识程度对决策负面结果的影响, 对决策的心理过程进行直接测量等角度来探讨目标对决策的影响。     

信息时代的“数字占有”——数字囤积及其相关研究

数字囤积是指数字文件的积累致使个体降低目标检索能力,最终导致个体的压力和混乱,与实物囤积有联系但有所不同。数字囤积者的认知表现、情感特点、行为动机可分别从自我损耗、禀赋效应、进化的视角进行理解。未来研究应完善测量工具,并考虑文化背景,针对不同数字囤积人群,考察其行为的潜在动机和前因后果,同时应采用不同的研究方法,加强该领域的量化研究。     

常人眼中的社会变迁:普通人如何感知社会的过去、现在与未来

常人视角的社会变迁研究关注普通大众对社会过去、现在、未来的感知和认识,三者之间的联系,及其对个体现实行动策略的影响。相关理论主要包括历史表征理论和社会变迁知觉理论。历史表征是人们对社会历史感知所形成的看法和观念,具有共享性、多样性、动态性等特征,它受到冲突、认同定位等因素的影响,作用机制包括锚定、对象化等,能够影响个体的现实行动与态度。社会变迁知觉指常人对于社会发展和变化的朴素认知,它受信念、特定社会事件、经济状况等因素的影响,并能够影响个体的现实行动与态度。未来研究可从常人视角出发,探究集体记忆对历史表征的影响、文化传统对社会变迁知觉的影响,联系社会现实研究历史表征与未来表征,从多角度测量常人的社会变迁知觉,结合其它领域研究建构常人视角的一般性理论。     

论时间洞察力

时间洞察力既是能力特质也是动力特质,是个体对时间的认知、体验和行动(或行动倾向)的人格特质,它可以区分为过去时间洞察力、现在时间洞察力、未来时间洞察力,也可以区分为特质时间洞察力和状态时间洞察力。时间洞察力是决定个人事业与人生成功的关键因素。我们已开始用多维度-多方法对时间洞察力开展深入的研究。     

无意识目标追求的行为特征、机制及影响因素

无意识目标追求是指个体自动地追求由情境线索激活的目标, 而全然不知目标对自己行为的导向作用。无意识目标追求具有灵活性、抑制性和坚持性。无意识目标追求经由行动的无意识准备和目标价值的自动评估与努力过程实现。积极情绪、内隐态度和人际关系影响无意识目标追求。未来研究需要进一步探讨无意识目标追求的影响因素, 完善无意识目标追求的机制, 探究无意识目标追求结果对个体心理和行为的影响, 提高研究结果的生态效度, 拓展应用研究。     

矛盾态度的成因与应对

矛盾态度是指个体或群体对某一态度客体同时存在的积极与消极的认知评价和情绪体验。近年来, 学者们从认知、社会、个体差异等角度探讨了矛盾态度的成因, 并指出个体主要使用情绪中心策略、信息加工策略和补偿性策略以应对矛盾态度带来的不适。未来研究需要继续整合矛盾态度的测量方式, 考察矛盾态度在不同文化和不同个体发展阶段的差异, 并进一步深入探索影响矛盾态度与个体行为后果的变量。     

中国传统哲学中的自我管理思想

从目标管理的视角看,自我管理就是个体应用认知及行为策略对自身的观念、情绪、行为等进行目标管理的过程。中国传统的儒家、道家、佛家等主流哲学中蕴含了丰富的自我管理思想;尽管它们在目标选择、自我认知、情绪调节、行为引导与控制等自我管理主题上有不同的宗旨和策略,但都对当代中国人的自我管理活动有所启发。未来在持续挖掘这类传统自我管理思想的同时,还应进一步以此为基础寻求改善自我管理效能的具体路径及策略。     

人际目标认知三视角模型

人际关系对自我管理有着重要的意义。关系对象会影响个体的目标设置和目标追求,个体在日常生活中所追求的目标也会影响其人际关系的进程。Fitzsimons等人提出了人际目标认知三视角模型,强调目标在自我和他人关系中的重要作用。模型主要介绍了目标与重要他人之间的双向复杂关系,并对影响二者关系的调节变量进行了分析。未来研究应该在深入探讨重要他人与目标之间关系的基础上扩大人际关系对象的范围,考察一般他人与目标的关系及其心理机制。     

A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Situationally Induced Achievement Goals on Task Performance

The purpose of this research was to meta-analyze studies which experimentally induced an achievement goal state to examine its causal effect on the individual’s performance at the task at hand, and to investigate the moderator effects of feedback anticipation and time pressure. The data set comprised 19 papers, 79 individual effect sizes, and 3,482 participants. Performance measures represented task performance across a variety of tasks. The findings indicate that relative to avoidance goals (either performance-avoidance goals or mastery-avoidance goals), approach goals (either mastery-approach goals or performance-approach goals) enhance task performance. Furthermore, relative to performance-approach goals, mastery-approach goals lead to better performance, particularly when individuals do not anticipate feedback and when there is no time pressure. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.     

Social and cognitive aspects of the development of aggression in infancy

This article addresses theoretical and methodological problems in the study of aggression in infants and toddlers. It is argued that the occurrence of aggressive behavior in very young children must be considered against the background of their developing social competence. As a result, evidence for the infants' capacities to act with specific intentions and the infants' knowledge of the other as a distinctive individual having his own plans and goals are reviewed. Studies of early social interactions in humans are then examined with special emphasis on cognitive development and social cognition. Finally, the problem of dominance in very young children's groups is considered.     

时间洞察力对跨期选择偏好的预测

利用津巴多时间洞察力问卷,采用跨期选择经典范式,考察“现在享乐型”和“未来定向型”两类时间洞察力个体在跨期选择上的偏好,从人格特质角度来探究跨期选择的认知机制。结果发现：(1)现在享乐定向组的延迟折扣率显著高于未来定向组;(2)未来定向组在时间洞察力量表“未来维度”得分与延迟折扣率显著负相关。这说明时间洞察力对个体延迟折扣率具有预测作用,支持了跨期选择的时间感知基础模型。     

The motivational benefits of specific versus general optimism

This study addresses the question whether a specific, work-related form of optimistic thinking has motivational consequences in terms of work engagement above and beyond general optimism over time. A specific form of optimistic thinking is focus on opportunities. Focus on opportunities is a future-oriented belief that describes how many plans, goals, and possibilities people expect to have in their future at work. Based on a cross-lagged panel design with a two-year time lag and data from a sample of 124 German business owners, results of structural equation modeling showed that focus on opportunities positively predicted changes in work engagement over time, even when controlling for general optimism. This finding supports propositions of social cognition and self-regulation theories that emphasize the importance of a specific form of optimism that has motivating potential by referring to future work goals and opportunities.     

Do future thoughts reflect personal goals? Current concerns and mental time travel into the past and future

Our overriding hypothesis was that future thinking would be linked with goals to a greater extent than memories; conceptualizing goals as current concerns (i.e., uncompleted personal goals). We also hypothesized that current-concern-related events would differ from non-current-concern-related events on a set of phenomenological characteristics. We report novel data from a study examining involuntary and voluntary mental time travel using an adapted laboratory paradigm. Specifically, after autobiographical memories or future thoughts were elicited (between participants) in an involuntary and voluntary retrieval mode (within participants), participants self-generated five current concerns and decided whether each event was relevant or not to their current concerns. Consistent with our hypothesis, compared with memories, a larger percentage of involuntary and voluntary future thoughts reflected current concerns. Furthermore, events related to current concerns differed from non-concern-related events on a range of cognitive, representational, and affective phenomenological measures. These effects were consistent across temporal direction. In general, our results agree with the proposition that involuntary and voluntary future thinking is important for goal-directed cognition and behaviour.     

Interfaces of social psychology with situated and embodied cognition

The recent rise of interest in situated and embodied cognition has a strong interdisciplinary flavor, with contributions from robotics, cognitive anthropology, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology, among other disciplines. However, social psychology has been almost completely unrepresented. Social psychologists investigate the ways people perceive, interact with, and influence each other, and this field therefore offers an ideal standpoint for the investigation of many of the most central aspects and themes of the situated cognition approach—because the relevant ‘situation’ in which cognition takes place is, almost always, a social situation defined by an individual’s group memberships, personal relationships, and social and communicative goals. This paper briefly reviews social psychological research and theory related to five major themes of situated and embodied cognition. The themes are: cognition is for action; cognition is situated (radically affected by situations, and makes use of situations as resources); artifacts and situations effectively extend cognitive processes out beyond the individual; cognition is embodied; and situated cognition affects and interacts with symbolically based thought.     

动机的目标理论

章对动机的目标研究领域的发展脉络、研究方法以及所取得的新近成果进行综述,总结各种目标理论的共同点和分歧,并对这一领域的未来发展方向做出了展望。作认为,目标理论将导致行为的情感因素、动机力量与认知过程有机结合,这体现了一种整合趋势;同时,目标理论强调目标对于人格功能、情绪以及健康的重要性,使得该领域的研究与社会生活密切相联。而这一研究领域的未来方向则是,探查动机倾向与个人目标之间的联结。     

注意与记忆中的“积极效应” ——“老化悖论”与社会情绪选择理论的视角

老年人在注意和记忆活动中存在着“积极效应”现象,即对积极材料的加工维持得较好,表现出对积极信息的偏向。社会情绪选择理论从时间的认知评估影响情绪目标的选择来解释这一现象。同时,研究发现信息的加工方式与“积极效应”有密切关联,当控制加工时,“积极效应”出现;而自动加工时,“积极效应”消失。“积极效应”受到时间认知的控制,也受到认知资源和认知能力的限制。目前,随着认知神经科学的发展,利用先进设备与仪器研究老年人认知活动中的“积极效应”有着广阔的前景