中小学生交往归因训练的研究

从普通学校选取小三、初二、高二各两个平行班的学生,采用等组对照设计,一为实验班,一为控制班。研究分前测验、教育干预、后测验三个阶段。结果发现：(1)归因训练可使学生的交往成败归因向积极方面转化。(2)归因训练可提高学生对未来交往成功的期望值。(3)短时间内的归因训练对高中生影响不大。     

运用弗斯坦工具强化训练智力的实验研究

本研究采用“实验班—控制班,前—后—延缓测验”的方法,运用“弗斯坦工具强化”(FIE)对小学四年级一个教学班的35名学生进行了短期的智力训练,结果表明FIE 是训练学生智力的一个有效工具:训练后即时测验的效应值为1.32σ,延缓测验效应值为0.T6σ。本文还分析了FIE 训练对能力不同水平的学生的效应;对智力的发散思维成分和聚合思维成分的效应;以及性别差异问题。     

老年人加工速度的干预研究

对老年人加工速度进行干预, 旨在考察加工速度在老年期的可塑性。首先对46名60~79岁城市社区老年人实施前测, 包括两项加工速度测验(数字比较、图形匹配)、成套基本心理能力测验和老年人日常智力自我效能感问卷。然后, 干预组25名老年人接受每周一期(每期50min)共计5期的加工速度训练。训练内容为图形模式比较。所有被试在训练周期结束后接受后测, 并在后测结束4个月后接受追踪测验。结果表明, 能够通过加工速度干预显著提高老年人图形匹配测验成绩, 并对词汇流畅测验成绩有迁移作用, 但干预和迁移效果并未保持到4个月。与数字比较测验相比, 图形匹配测验能够更稳定地反映干预的效果。     

中学生好胜心培养的实验研究

以积极的归因训练、表扬与奖励和适当的竞赛等手段对中学生的好胜心进行培养,通过一个学期三个阶段的培养,结果发现,实验班学生的好胜心水平增量显著高于对照班学生,实验班学生的学习成绩增量也显著高于对照班学生,好胜心水平与学习成绩存在着显著的正相关。研究表明,积极的归因训练、表扬与奖励、适当的竞赛是培养中学生好胜心的有效措施。     

中学生好胜心培养的实验研究

以积极的归因训练、表扬与奖励和适当的竞赛等手段对中学生的好胜心进行培养,通过一个学期三个阶段的培养,结果发现,实验班学生的好胜心水平增量显著高于对照班学生,实验班学生的学习成绩增量也显著高于对照班学生,好胜心水平与学习成绩存在着显著的正相关。研究表明,积极的归因训练、表扬与奖励、适当的竞赛是培养中学生好胜心的有效措施。     

初中生感戴和主观幸福感的干预研究

该研究通过开设班级辅导和“列举恩惠”活动,采用不同的干预方式对初一年级学生进行感戴干预研究,考察不同感戴干预方式对主观幸福感的影响。结果显示：实验班1学生在感戴、生活满意度、积极情感方面的提高水平高于实验班2和控制班;实验班2学生在感戴、生活满意度、积极情感方面的提高水平高于控制班。因此得出结论：班级辅导和“列举恩惠”活动相结合的干预方式与仅采用“列举恩惠”活动的干预方式都可以提高学生感戴和主观幸福感,但是前者比后者的效果好。     

提高智慧的初步研究

为了找到一个提高智慧的最好方法,我们准备进行一系列的研究。本文是开始的一次探讨的报告。 在这次研究中,我们的受试是初中一年级和高中一年级的学生各一班,共98人,另外初一一班47人是对此班。在实验开始的前一天;三个班同时作了一次智慧测验。智慧测验用的是经过本文作者译编的《欧提司自我考试》高级甲型。实验结束的第二天,三个班又同时作了这个测验的乙型。两次智慧测验之间,每天上午两个实验班同时进行“动脑筋练习”10分钟,共进行了46次。结果初一实验班的第二次平均智商比第一次的增加了8分;高一实验班和对比班的第二次平均智商与他们第一次的相比,变化都不大。 这次取得的研究结果,就连我们自己也不敢十分确信;我们认为必须作进一步的验证。     

超常学生集体教学的阶段性心理测量

1　引言　　自 1 985年 ,在北京第八中学办起了超常儿童教学实验班 ,是用来满足超常儿童特点的特殊教学。十几年来 ,已有五个班的小学生在短期完成了初高中全部教学、升学的工作 ,应该说 ,这样的特殊教学对超智儿童的早期开发有积极意义。少儿班学生达到了知识的“超常”是有目共睹的 ,西方一些教育心理专家对这样的特殊教学效果也点头称是。现在的研究是采用多种能力测验考察进入一段教学后高智力学生的智能心态 ,为保持和修改超常儿童中学教学提供参考依据。《鉴别超常儿童认知能力测验》是查子秀研究员1 986年主编的智能测验。该测验分出…     

合作游戏训练对学前儿童合作行为的影响

选取两所幼儿园大、中、小班共155儿童为被试,采取实验班和控制班前后测的设计,对实验班儿童进行为期四周的合作游戏训练,探讨合作游戏训练对学前儿童合作行为的影响。结果表明：游戏形式的合作行为训练显著地提高了学前儿童的合作行为水平;不同年龄班、不同性别学前儿童合作行为训练差异不显著。     

智慧技能的一般教学模型与实验验证

该文给出了智慧技能的一般教学模型 ,将智慧技能的教学分为两个主要阶段 :陈述性编码阶段、程序性编码阶段。为验证此模型在教学实践中的可行性 ,在课堂教学情境中进行了模拟实验。选取同一所学校初二年级的四个班学生共 2 2 2人 ,随机安排四个班分别接受“欧姆定律”四种教案的教学 :发现式新教案、发现式旧教案、接受式新教案、接受式旧教案 ,随后进行迁移能力测验 ,结果表明采用新教案组织教学 ,即按上述模型控制好影响智慧技能的一些关键因素 ,将更利于学生获取智慧技能。     

Improving children's mental rotation accuracy with computer game playing

The authors investigated the relation between mental rotation (MR) and computer game-playing experience. Third grade boys (n = 24) and girls (n = 23) completed a 2-dimensional MR test before and after playing computer games (during 11 separate 30-min sessions), which either involved the use of MR skills (the experimental group) or did not involve the use of MR skills (the control group). The experimental group outperformed the control group on the MR posttest but not on the pretest. Boys outperformed girls on the pretest but not on the posttest. Children whose initial MR performance was low improved after playing computer games that entailed MR skills. The findings imply that computer-based instructional activities can be used in schools to enhance children's spatial abilities.     

Improving Children's Mental Rotation Accuracy With Computer Game Playing

The authors investigated the relation between mental rotation (MR) and computer game-playing experience. Third grade boys (n = 24) and girls (n = 23) completed a 2-dimensional MR test before and after playing computer games (during 11 separate 30-min sessions), which either involved the use of MR skills (the experimental group) or did not involve the use of MR skills (the control group). The experimental group outperformed the control group on the MR posttest but not on the pretest. Boys outperformed girls on the pretest but not on the posttest. Children whose initial MR performance was low improved after playing computer games that entailed MR skills. The findings imply that computer-based instructional activities can be used in schools to enhance children's spatial abilities.     

The effect of counselling programmes involving expressive activities with semi‐structured groups on self‐concealment levels of adolescents

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of counselling programmes based on expressive activities with semi‐structured groups, on the self‐concealment levels of adolescents. The research was carried out using a pretest–posttest control group design. The dependent variable of the present research, is the psychological counselling programme conducted with a semi‐structured group based on expressive activities. The research was carried out with 18 6th and 7th grade secondary school students (10 female and 8 male). The Self‐Concealment Scale was used as data collection tool. In this research, the use of nonparametric tests was preferred, as the sample was smaller than 30. Therefore, it was determined whether there is a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic means of the experimental and control groups’ pretest, posttest and trail test scores by use of Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, to determine the effects of a psychological counselling programme with semi‐structured group based on expressive activities. Also, it was determined whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the pretest, posttest and trail intervention scores received by the intervention and control group students from the Self‐Concealment Scale, using Mann–Whitney U test. The research results revealed that the “psychological counselling programme based on expressive activities with semi‐structured groups” was significantly effective in alleviation of self‐concealment levels, and this effect was also maintained in follow‐up evaluations. The obtained results are discussed in the light of related literature findings and recommendations are proposed accordingly.     

Effects of test-wiseness training on test anxiety,locus of control and reading achievement in elementary school children

Abstract

Fifth and sixth grade children were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental condition in a pretest, posttest, delayed posttest design. The experimental group received instruction and practice in test-taking, and the control group received a placebo treatment. Dependent variables were four components of test anxiety, locus of control and achievement. Factor analysis of pretest data supported I. Sarason's four-factor conceptualization of test anxiety (worry, test-irrelevant thinking, tension, and bodily reactions to test taking). Posttest data generally supported the hypothesized treatment effects. As predicted, children in the experimental condition had higher reading scores, greater internality, and less test-irrelevant thinking. The delayed posttest scores indicated a diminished effect on the achievement and internality measures; however, the amount of test-irrelevant thinking remained lower in the experimental condition.     

Training Elementary School Students to Manage Conflict

Abstract

The effectiveness of a peer mediation program in a midwestern, suburban school in the United States was examined. Six classes (one combination second/third grade, one third grade, two fourth grades, and two fifth grades) containing 144 students received 9 hr of training in negotiating integrative agreements to their conflicts and mediating their classmates' conflicts. Eighty-three untrained third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders served as a control group. A peer mediation program was implemented. The role of mediator was rotated equally among all class members. A pretest/posttest, experimental/control group design was used. The results indicate that students successfully learned the negotiation and mediation procedures, were able to apply the procedures in actual conflict situations, and maintained this knowledge throughout the academic year.     

Evaluation of the Responding in Peaceful and Positive Ways (RIPP) Seventh Grade Violence Prevention Curriculum

We evaluated the impact of RIPP-7, a seventh grade violence prevention curriculum designed to strengthen and extend the effects of the sixth grade RIPP-6 curriculum. Classes of seventh graders at two urban middle schools serving predominantly African-American youth where RIPP-6 had been implemented the preceding school year were randomized to intervention (N = 239) and control groups (N = 237). Compared to students in the control group, students who participated in RIPP-7 had fewer disciplinary code violations for violent offenses during the following school year. A limited number of main effects were found on self-report outcome measures and measures of attitudes. Although significant main effects were not found on self-report measures of physical aggression, drug use, or anxiety, analyses of interactions with pretest scores indicated that intervention effects were significantly moderated by pretest scores for several outcome measures. Students most likely to benefit from the intervention were those who reported higher pretest rates of problem behaviors including violent behavior, nonphysical aggression, and delinquent behavior.     

Training with anxiety: short- and long-term effects on police officers’ shooting behavior under pressure

We investigated short- and long-term effects of training with anxiety on police officers’ shooting behavior under pressure. Using a pretest, posttest, and retention test design, 27 police officers executed a shooting exercise against an opponent that did (high anxiety) or did not (low anxiety) shoot back using colored soap cartridges. During the training sessions, the experimental group practiced with anxiety and the control group practiced without anxiety. At the pretest, anxiety had a negative effect on shot accuracy for both groups. At the posttest, shot accuracy of the experimental group no longer deteriorated under anxiety, while shot accuracy of the control group was still equally affected. At the retention test, 4 months after training, positive results for the experimental group remained present, indicating that training with anxiety may have positive short- and long-term effects on police officers’ shot accuracy under pressure. Additional analyses showed that these effects are potentially related to changes in visual attention on task-relevant information.     

Effects of Guided Notes on Enhancing College Students’ Lecture Note-Taking Quality and Learning Performance

This study investigates the intervention effects of guided notes on college students’ quality of lecture note-taking and learning performance under the provision of outline notes. It adopted a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest–delayed-posttest design. Sixty-five undergraduates from two psychology classes in a university were recruited as participants. One class was assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group. Students in the experimental group were provided with outline note plus guided note handouts and asked to complete the guided notes in class, whereas students in the control group received outline note handouts only. The results showed that (1) in the delayed posttest, the experimental group performed better than the control group on the quality of note-taking; (2) in the posttest and delayed posttest, the experimental group performed better than the control group on learning performance; (3) the experimental group had a positive attitude towards the guided notes.     

The Impact of PREP Training on Marital Conflicts Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Iranian Distressed Couples

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the Prevention and Relationship Education Program (PREP) training on marital conflict and marital satisfaction among a sample of distressed couples in Iran. The research procedure was experimental with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design, including a control group. The sample included 76 volunteer couples among a sample of distressed couples who were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental or control group. They completed demographic questions, the Marital Conflicts questionnaire, and a revised Marital Satisfaction Inventory in pretest, posttest and at the 1-year follow-up. Results showed that PREP training effectively led to decreased marital conflict and improvement of marital satisfaction of couples at posttest and at the 1-year follow-up. The result of covariance analysis showed significant differences between the experimental and the control groups' marital conflict and marital satisfaction at posttest and at the 1-year follow-up.     

Effect of Concurrent Visual Feedback Frequency on Postural Control Learning in Adolescents

The purpose was to find better augmented visual feedback frequency (100% or 67%) for learning a balance task in adolescents. Thirty subjects were divided randomly into a control group, and 100% and 67% feedback groups. The three groups performed pretest (3 trials), practice (12 trials), posttest (3 trials) and retention (3 trials, 24 hours later). The reduced feedback group showed lower RMS in the posttest than in the pretest (p = 0.04). The control and reduced feedback groups showed significant lower median frequency in the posttest than in the pretest (p < 0.05). Both feedback groups showed lower values in retention than in the pretest (p < 0.05). Even when the effect of feedback frequency could not be detected in motor learning, 67% of the feedback was recommended for motor adaptation.