青少年药物滥用的防治

随着社会转型所带来的生活方式多元化,青少年药物滥用现象,在威胁着青少年身心健康的同时,也破坏了社会的和谐与发展.一般来说,其形成原因包括自身、家庭、学校和社会等多种因素,因而,预防和解决青少年药物滥用问题,就需要建立一套涉及多个层面的防治体系.     

重金属音乐对青少年的影响

重金属音乐发展之初就被认为影响了青少年的健康成长,与青少年冒险行为有关。因而引起研究者们对于重金属音乐的影响进行了广泛的研究。研究者们对于重金属音乐对青少年的情绪、行为等方面的影响及重金属音乐亚文化群体进行研究,结果发现重金属音乐能引起青少年更强烈的情绪体验,同时重金属音乐可能与青少年的吸烟、乱性、药物滥用等不计后果的行为有关。对于重金属音乐对青少年的影响是否具有跨文化一致性仍需进一步的研究。     

社会网络视角下的同伴关系与心理健康

近年来, 从社会网络视角考察同伴关系与心理健康的相互作用正成为发展心理学和健康心理学研究的热点。研究者多借助整体网和纵向数据, 通过两种作用机制, 即选择过程(selection process) (强调心理和行为变量对社会网络和同伴关系的影响, 如关系的形成、维持和解除)和影响过程(influence process) (强调社会网络和同伴关系对心理和行为变量的影响), 来分析同伴关系与心理健康协同演进的动态过程。实证研究关注的领域集中在青少年健康风险行为(如吸烟、喝酒、药物滥用)和情绪问题(如抑郁、焦虑、孤独感)。未来研究应该注重拓展社会网络的类型和样本、加强理论建构、增加对积极心理和消极关系的研究, 并有望在互联网领域及社会网络的生物学基础等方面取得进展。     

基于门户理论视角下的青少年物质成瘾

青少年物质成瘾行为受到普遍的关注, 成瘾物质滥用的机制一直是学者们探讨和研究的焦点。门户理论提出青少年发展成严重药物滥用者的过程存在顺序和阶段特征, 合法物质的使用会增加发展为非法药物使用的风险, 这种顺序效应得到了实证研究的支持。本研究在综述以往研究的基础上发现, 基于门户理论视角下青少年药物使用存在顺序效应, 但以往研究仍然存在一些不足, 例如药物使用顺序的不固定, 解释范围有限, 内在机制不清楚以及各种影响因素缺乏整合等。未来可以扩展研究对象和范围, 以深入研究顺序效应的内在机制。     

药物滥用者的歧视错觉:来自面部表情加工的证据

通过系统梳理酒精、尼古丁、大麻、可卡因、冰毒、摇头丸、阿片类和多药物等不同类型药物滥用者面部表情加工的研究,本文提出"歧视错觉"概念,用于解释药物滥用者对面部表情的负性化加工偏向,该观点为理解药物滥用行为激活机制提供了全新视角。未来可围绕面部表情特异性加工、面部表情加工阶段、面部表情加工的认知和神经机制以及面部表情加工训练展开相关研究,以进一步揭示药物滥用者面部表情加工的内在机制及其应用价值。     

情绪智力和父母社会支持对犯罪青少年社会适应的影响：直接效应还是缓冲效应？

以上海和昆明的499名犯罪青少年和504名普通青少年为被试,采用问卷法对犯罪青少年的情绪智力、父母社会支持和社会适应状况进行考察,发现（1）普通青少年的情绪智力、父母社会支持和社会适应状况显著好于犯罪青少年;（2）情绪智力显著预测普通和犯罪青少年的积极和消极社会适应状况;（3）父母社会支持能够直接预测犯罪青少年的社会适应状况,同时也能够调节情绪智力对犯罪青少年的社会适应状况的预测作用,父母社会支持对社会适应的直接效应和缓冲效应假说均得到了支持。     

犯罪青少年社会支持、应对方式与反社会行为的关系

目的:研究犯罪青少年社会支持、应对方式与反社会行为的关系。方法:用领悟社会支持量表、简易应对方式问卷和反社会行为问卷对30名犯罪青少年及30名普通青少年进行调查。结果:(1)犯罪青少年与普通青少年在社会支持总分上存在显著性差异。(2)对于犯罪青少年来说,社会支持总分、家庭支持、其他人支持维度与问题行为总分存在显著负相关;积极应对维度与问题行为总分存在显著负相关,消极应对维度与问题行为总分不存在显著相关;积极应对维度与社会支持成正相关。(3)对于犯罪青少年来说,其他人支持维度能够预测其问题行为。结论:社会支持、应对方式与反社会行为存在显著相关,即社会支持和应对方式能够影响反社会行为的产生。     

亲子关系和移情对青少年社会创造力的预测：友谊质量的中介作用

采用儿童社会创造性倾向问卷、亲子亲密度量表、人际反应指针量表和友谊质量问卷,以588名初中生为被试,探讨亲子关系和移情对青少年社会创造力的影响及其作用机制,并检验了友谊质量的中介作用。结果表明：（1）父子关系、母子关系和移情显著正向预测青少年社会创造力;（2）青少年友谊质量在母子关系和移情预测青少年社会创造力中起中介作用。本研究揭示了父子关系、母子关系以及移情对社会创造力的预测作用及其作用机制,研究结果对培养青少年社会创造力具有一定的启发意义。     

亲社会视频游戏接触与青少年亲社会行为的关系：链式中介效应分析

为探讨亲社会视频游戏接触与青少年亲社会行为的关系及其内部机制——共情和道德认同在这一关系之中的中介作用,使用游戏接触经验问卷、人际反应指数量表、青少年道德自我认同问卷和青少年亲社会倾向量表对777名青少年进行调查。结果发现：(1)亲社会视频游戏接触正向预测青少年亲社会行为;(2)共情和道德认同在亲社会视频游戏接触影响青少年亲社会行为的中介作用显著。具体表现为四条中介路径：一是共情的中介作用,二是道德认同的中介作用,三是通过共情和道德认同的中介顺序在亲社会视频游戏接触与亲社会行为之间起链式中介作用,四是通过道德认同和共情的中介顺序在亲社会视频游戏接触与亲社会行为之间起链式中介作用。研究揭示了亲社会视频游戏接触影响青少年亲社会行为的作用机制,为合理引导青少年接触视频游戏和培养其道德情绪、认知及行为发展提供有益指导。     

社会榜样、社会关系质量与青少年社会观念和社会行为关系的研究

本研究对1640名初一至高一的青少年进行了问卷调查,以探讨青少年生活环境中的社会榜样和其社会关系质量对他们社会观念和社会行为的影响作用.研究结果表明:(1)社会榜样和青少年社会关系的质量与其社会观念和社会行为之间的相关显着.同伴不良行为榜样与青少年社会关系的质量与其社会观念和社会行为之间相关显着.同伴不良行为榜样与青少年消极的社会观念和社会行为有显着的正相关,而对积极社会榜样的认可则与青少年积极的社会观念和社会行为存在着非常显着的正相关;社会关系好的青少年更倾向于报告积极的社会观念和社会行为,较少报告消极的社会观念和社会行为;(2)进一步回归分析表明,两种社会榜样和三类社会关系的质量对青少年社会观念和社会行为的影响均显着;(3)本研究没有发现社会关系对同伴不良行为榜样消极影响的调节作用,但发现同伴关系质量有助于积极社会榜样对青少年亲社会价值观和利他行为的积极影响.     

Belonging and Social Identity Among Young People in Western Sydney,Australia

This article explores young people’s everyday life in multiethnic Australian communities. The focus is on interethnic social identity and belonging to the Australian society. The research gives an insight into social relationships, social networks and attitudes to the Australian culture among young people living in multiethnic neighbourhoods. Conceptually, the research is framed around Bourdieu’s habitus discourse and the influence of social and cultural capital on young people’s perceptions and attitudes. A survey of 339 young people residing in Western and South Western Sydney, Australia, was undertaken in 2007. Ninety-five percent of the young people were from minority migrant backgrounds, and two thirds were born in Australia. The majority of them feel good about living in Australia, while only a small percentage rarely or never share this feeling. The findings demonstrate a more positive atmosphere and contradict evidence highlighted by pessimistic predictions of anti-immigrant and anti-multiculturalism critics. For many people of minority ethnic backgrounds, the Australian multicultural society works in a cohesive and inclusive way most of the time. The findings, even when sometimes contradictory, emphasise that the Australian multicultural society was working well in 2007. The young people in the research acknowledged to be influenced by the Cronulla riots, but it had a minor influence on their perception of social identity, social networks or feeling connected to Australia.     

关于读经的反思

近年来关于读经的讨论尤其是少儿读经的讨论在媒体上进行得非常热烈。事实上,近几年来各地中小学生读经的消息越来越多地见诸报端,尽管社会反响一直是褒贬不一,但此种社会现象的出现颇为耐人寻味且意义深远。本文从经典的内涵、经典的存在根据与意义、读经热的原因及如何读经诸多方面进行了比较全面的反思。     

Righting rewritings of the myth of Mentor: A critical perspective on career guidance mentoring

Mentoring is entering the repertoire of career guidance techniques as careers services prioritise socially excluded young people. This article explores the use of Homer's Odyssey as a source of definitions and legitimations of many current accounts of mentoring. Contrasting modern versions of Homer's myth of Mentor with the original, it draws on feminist and class perspectives to question the basis on which such myths are used to proclaim the origins of a very contemporary phenomenon. It identifies an emerging discourse of mentoring, a régime of truth which exerts control not only over the young people being mentored, but also over career guidance staff expected to act as mentors in new Personal Adviser roles.     

Weltanschauung as a priori: sociology of knowledge from a ‘romantic’ stance

In this paper I reconstruct the central concept of the young Lukács??s and Mannheim??s sociology of knowledge, as they present it in their writings in the early decades of the twentieth century. I argue that this concept, namely Weltanschauung, is used to refer to some conceptually unstructured totality of feelings, which they take to be a condition of possibility of intellectual production, and this understanding is contrasted to an alternative construal of the term that presents it as logically structured, quasi-theoretical background knowledge. This concept has Kantian reminiscences: it is a condition of possibility of intellectual production in general. The young Mannheim and Lukács rely on ??Weltanschauung?? so understood as a phenomenon mediating between the facts of society and individual intellectual production and reception: it is seen as being conditioned by sociological facts and therefore as a historical and sociological category through which, and therefore indirectly, society enters into intellectual production.     

Islam in the academic sphere in senegal: the case of Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar (UCAD)

This paper discusses the changing socio-cultural landscape at Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD), Senegal. It shows how the growing influence of the religious phenomenon since the late 1970s has encouraged young students to develop an Islamic activism that tends to replace the revolutionary and secular traditions that had dominated the space since the founding of this Senegalese university in 1957. These transformations, which take the form of a “decomplexification” of religion and of a communitarisation of the academic sphere, are also a reflection of the ongoing transformations in Senegalese society marked by a citizenship in transition. This transition translates itself into a duality between a “national citizenship,” with a francophone and secular character, and a “cultural citizenship,” inspired by Islam and initially driven by an Arab-Islamic elite as it negotiates its place in the public and administrative spheres that have historically been dominated by francophone elites.     

幼儿元认知"乐观主义现象"研究述评

儿童元认知发展是当代发展心理学研究的热点领域之一,其中儿童对自身能力的认识与评估又是研究者很感兴趣的课题。大量研究表明,与年长儿童和成人相比,年幼儿童特别是学龄前儿童往往对自己的能力和在各种任务中的成绩作出不切实际的高估,这种高估具有跨领域的一致性,并且具有内在固执性,即通常不受过去失败经验的影响。这就是所谓幼儿元认知“乐观主义现象”。本文对这一领域的相关研究进行整体回顾与分析,并在此基础上尝试对这一现象产生的原因及影响因素作出解释和说明。     

Pedagogies of piety: Comparing young observant Muslims and Christians in the Netherlands

In this article, I compare the active religious engagement found among many of today's young Dutch Muslims and Christians. I show that such comparison requires a move beyond the separate frameworks through which these groups are commonly perceived, found both in widely shared public discourses (‘allochthons’ versus ‘autochthons’) and in academic research (minority studies versus the sociology of religion). In their stead, this comparative analysis examines in what ways both groups give shape to observant religious practice in the shared context of contemporary Dutch society. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, I show that young Christians as well as Muslims participate in social settings of religious pedagogy, where they are encouraged to attain, sustain and improve personal piety in today's pluralist Dutch society. Such social participation does not preclude, but rather comes together with a strong emphasis on reflexivity and authenticity.     

抗生素滥用现象剖析与建议

抗生素是广泛用于治疗感染性疾病最常用的药品之一,但在应用过程中滥用现象愈演愈烈,这不仅造成药品的严重浪费,还增加细菌耐药性的产生,对社会造成巨大的危害。通过对其现象、后果及原因的分析,提出了控制抗生素滥用的建议。     

Internet café addiction of Taiwanese adolescents.

With the recent vigorous development, the Internet has become a part of life. And the Internet café has become an emerging industry under this new wave of Internet heat. However, the Internet café has also brought about many unexpected social problems and negative effects on society in Taiwan. For example, Internet café addiction (or pathological use) is a particular phenomenon derived from Internet café in Taiwan. But currently there are just a few scholars who attend to this problem. This study focuses mainly on the phenomenon of Internet café addiction among adolescents in Taiwan, the Internet café patronage behavior, and the cause of this phenomenon. Result of a questionnaire survey indicate that a significant difference exists between male and female adolescent in the following two aspects: "the stay hours for each visit in Internet café" and "Internet café addiction scores." Males' stay hours in Internet café are longer than females', and males also get higher Internet café addiction scores than females. The results also indicate that participants' degree of self-esteem and support from their social network can account for 30% of variance of Internet café addiction. Further, the results also suggest that social support is positively related to Internet café addiction score, whereas a negative relationship between self-esteem and Internet café addiction score is observed.