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1.
Jamie L. Frala Ellen W. Leen-Feldner Heidemarie Blumenthal Carolina C. Barreto 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(2):237-247
This study examined the associations among perceived control over anxiety-related events, worry, and both symptoms and diagnoses
of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The sample was comprised of 140 adolescents (60 girls) between the ages of 10 and 17 years
(M
age
= 14.6 years; SD = 2.25) recruited from the general community. Findings were consistent with hypotheses. Self-reported perceived
control over anxiety-related events related negatively to worry as well as symptoms and diagnoses of GAD even after accounting
for variance associated with age, gender, and negative affectivity. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical implications
that perceived control over anxiety-related events may have for understanding GAD symptomatology among youth. 相似文献
2.
Madeline H. Meier Wendy S. Slutske Andrew C. Heath Nicholas G. Martin 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):653-664
In the current study, two hypotheses about the role of harsh discipline (HD) in explaining the sex difference in the prevalence
of conduct disorder (CD) were evaluated: that boys exhibit more CD than girls because (1) they are exposed to more HD and/or
(2) there is a greater association between HD and CD in boys. These hypotheses were evaluated in a sample of male and female
adult twins from different families (N = 3,502) as well as a sample of adult twin brothers and sisters (N = 655) in order to examine the extent to which sex differences remained after controlling for between-family differences.
Retrospective reports of HD experienced between ages 6–13 and DSM-IV CD symptoms experienced before age 18 were obtained via
structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Boys reported higher mean levels of HD and CD than girls, both between and within
families, and the results of model-fitting analyses suggested that differences in the use of harsh disciplinary practices
for sons versus daughters may partially explain the sex difference in the prevalence of CD. Between families, the relation
between HD and CD was greater for girls than boys, but within families, there was no evidence of a sex difference in the relation
between HD and CD. Inconsistent between-family and within-family results suggest that factors that differ between families
are confounded with sex differences in the relation between HD and CD. A more stringent test of sex differences involves eliminating
these between-family differences by studying boys and girls within the same family. 相似文献
3.
To estimate the prevalence of being well-adjusted in adolescence, boys and girls with (n = 96) and without (n = 126) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were assessed seven times in eight years starting when they were 4–6 years
of age. Symptoms of ADHD, ODD/CD, and depression/anxiety in addition to social skills and social preference were gathered
using multiple methods and informants. Being well-adjusted was defined by surpassing thresholds in at least four of the five
domains. At the 7- and 8-year follow-up, when youth were 11–14 years old, probands were significantly less likely to be well-adjusted
relative to age- and ethnicity-matched control children. Only a minority of children with ADHD was well-adjusted in adolescence
when emotional, behavioral, and social domains were considered simultaneously. Even when their ADHD symptoms improved over
time, most probands exhibited significant impairment 7–8 years after their initial assessment. 相似文献
4.
This study focused on the personality characteristics associated with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a
longitudinal sample of youth, with a particular focus on differences between those with and without persisting ADHD symptoms.
Participants with ADHD (n = 90) were initially evaluated when they were 7–11 years old, and re-assessed at 16–22 years of age. Matched control subjects
(n = 80) were recruited at the time of the follow-up evaluation. At follow-up, the Kiddie-SADS-PL, a semi-structured psychiatric
interview, and the NEO-PI, a self-report personality inventory, were administered. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses
of variance (MANOVA). Results indicate that childhood ADHD is associated with lower scores on the NEO Conscientiousness subscale
in adolescents/young adults—irrespective of the degree of ADHD persistence. In contrast, ratings of Neuroticism and Agreeableness
appear to be more closely linked to adolescent status; those with persisting symptoms only exhibited increased Neuroticism
and decreased Agreeableness. These results suggest that ADHD, and the degree to which symptoms persist into adolescence, may
be closely linked to personality structure. 相似文献
5.
Randy P. Auerbach Nicole K. Eberhart John R. Z. Abela 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(1):57-68
The goal of the current study was to compare diathesis-stress and transactional models of cognitive vulnerability to depression
in samples of Canadian (n = 118) and Chinese (n = 405) adolescents. We utilized a six-month multi-wave, longitudinal design in order to examine whether (a) perceived control
moderated the association between the occurrence of dependent interpersonal stressors and subsequent increases in depressive
symptoms (i.e., a diathesis-stress perspective) and (b) dependent interpersonal stressors mediated the association between
perceived control and subsequent increases in depressive symptoms (i.e., a transactional perspective). Results from idiographic,
time-lagged, hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that for Canadian adolescents both diathesis-stress and transactional
models were significant predictors of depressive symptomology. When examining the diathesis-stress model, boys, but not girls,
who reported lower perceived control, reported higher levels of depressive symptoms following the occurrence of dependent
interpersonal stress. Gender differences, however, were not present in the transactional model. In contrast, transactional,
but not diathesis-stress, models were significant in Chinese adolescents, and gender differences did not emerge. Overall,
these results may reflect culturally-relevant differences in the etiology of depression in Canadian and Chinese adolescents. 相似文献
6.
Playfulness is an individual differences variable at the trait-level. It describes the ability to experience or (re)frame everyday situations as stimulating, interesting, and/or entertaining. Playfulness in adolescents is understudied. We collected self-report data on four facets of playfulness (other-directed, lighthearted, intellectual, and whimsical) in two German-speaking samples of adolescents (N1 = 210, N2 = 270; age range 13–18 years). The facets correlated positively, but to varying degrees with life satisfaction (social life, self, friends) and intrinsic goals. There was no relationship with self-reported school grades and achievement goals (Sample 1). Playfulness in girls was associated with peer-nominated (classmates) bullying behaviors and victimization status (Sample 2). Overall, the findings show that playfulness has an impact on various domains of the life of adolescents. We discuss directions for further research in the field. 相似文献
7.
Karriker-Jaffe KJ Foshee VA Ennett ST Suchindran C 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1227-1236
To describe trajectories of aggressive behaviors for adolescents living in rural areas, we compared the patterns, timing and
sex differences in development of physical and social aggression using five waves of data collected from youth in school surveys
administered over 2.5 years. The sample (N = 5,151) was 50.0% female, 52.1% Caucasian and 38.2% African-American. Multilevel growth curve models showed that physical
and social aggression followed curvilinear trajectories from ages 11 to 18, with increases in each type of aggression followed
by subsequent declines. Physical aggression peaked around age 15; social aggression peaked around age 14. Boys consistently
perpetrated more physical aggression than girls, but the trajectories were parallel. There were no sex differences in the
perpetration of social aggression. Given the characteristics of the developmental trajectories observed, interventions with
both boys and girls targeting physically and socially aggressive behaviors are needed in early adolescence to slow the development
of aggression. 相似文献
8.
Collishaw S Gardner F Maughan B Scott J Pickles A 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(1):119-132
The coincidence of historical trends in youth antisocial behavior and change in family demographics has led to speculation
of a causal link, possibly mediated by declining quality of parenting and parent–child relationships. No study to date has
directly assessed whether and how parenting and parent–child relationships have changed. Two national samples of English adolescents
aged 16–17 years in 1986 (N = 4,524 adolescents, 7,120 parents) and 2006 (N = 716 adolescents, 734 parents) were compared using identical questionnaire assessments. Youth-reported parental monitoring,
expectations, and parent–child quality time increased between 1986 and 2006. Ratings of parental interest did not change.
Parenting differences between affluent and disadvantaged families narrowed over time. There was thus little evidence of a
decline in quality of parenting for the population as a whole or for disadvantaged subgroups. Parent-reported youth conduct
problems showed a modest increase between 1986 and 2006. Findings suggested that the increase in youth conduct problems was
largely unrelated to observed change in parent–child relationships. 相似文献
9.
10.
The current study investigated gender differences in types and correlates of aggression among 150 adjudicated youth (M age = 15.2, SD = 1.4). In cluster analysis, consistent with past studies, one aggressive group characterized by moderate levels of reactive
aggression and one characterized by high levels of proactive and reactive aggression emerged and these patterns were consistent
across gender. For both boys and girls, the combined proactive/reactive aggression cluster showed the greatest levels of aggression,
impulsivity, and callous-unemotional traits, supporting a severity over a typology model of proactive and reactive aggression.
Girls displayed significantly higher rates of physical and relational aggression than boys. Girls were highly aggressive toward
both girls and boys, whereas boys were highly aggressive only toward other boys. Girls also showed multiple indications of
severity and emotionality, indexed by higher rates of negative affect, anxiety, distress about social provocations, and empathy. 相似文献
11.
While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic
and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and
environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9–10 year old twins
(N = 1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive–Proactive
Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor
proactive–reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well
as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive
aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. Asian–Americans scored lower than most ethnic
groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African–Americans scored higher than
other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms
of aggression across informants, but while boys’ self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive
(38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls’ self-report reactive
and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across
informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating
that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic
and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction
between these two forms of aggression. 相似文献
12.
Positive and Negative Affect in Parents and Adolescents: Gender and Assessment Method Considerations
This study examined adolescents’ self-reports and parents’ reports of adolescents’ positive and negative affect toward their
parents, as well as mothers’ and fathers’ self-reports of positive and negative affect toward their adolescents. Based on
behavioral observations, adolescent–parent interactions were examined to determine the relation between adolescent–parent
behavior, adolescents’ perceptions of parental affect, and parents’ perceptions of adolescent affect. Gender of adolescents,
gender of parents, and adolescent gender by parent gender interaction effects were studied as was adolescents’ age. Findings
suggest that parent gender (i.e., mothers and fathers) and adolescent gender (i.e., boys and girls) are important considerations
when studying affect in parent–adolescent relationships. Age-related differences were not evident. Results are discussed with
an eye toward improving the assessment of parent–adolescent affect by using multiple methods of assessment such as direct
behavioral observations and multiple informants on questionnaire measures. 相似文献
13.
Teresa L. Hastings Stephen J. Anderson Mary Lou Kelley 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1996,18(3):213-226
Research shows that conduct disorder (CD) manifests differently in boys and girls, yet little is known about specific characteristics of girls with CD. This study examined gender differences in stress and coping in both CD (n = 69) and non-conduct-disordered (NCD) adolescents (n = 64). Results indicated similar patterns of gender differences in stress and coping, although CD adolescents reported a higher frequency of stress and maladaptive coping strategies than NCDs. Girls reported more daily stress and greater use of coping associated with both social relationships and emotional venting. A significant interaction effect distinguished girls with CD from other groups by their higher level of daily stress, more frequent use of self-injurious behavior and emotion-focused coping, and deficits in active coping. 相似文献
14.
Extant data collected through the Experience Sampling Method were analyzed to describe adolescents' subjective experiences of homework. Analyses explored age and gender differences in the time adolescents spend doing homework, and the situational variations (location and companions) in adolescents' reported concentration, effort, interest, positive affect and stress while doing homework. Regarding age differences, middle school students reported more positive experiences when homework was done with companions and in locations other than home, whereas high school students reported more positive experiences when homework was done alone and at home. Regarding gender differences, girls, regardless of age, reported greater stress than boys when doing homework alone, and lower stress when doing homework with friends. High school girls reported lower interest than middle school boys when doing homework alone. Findings provide an understanding of age and gender differences in adolescents' perceptions of homework, which might help educators and parents structure engaging homework environments. 相似文献
15.
Lauren K. Williams Lina A. Ricciardelli Marita P. McCabe Boyd A. Swinburn Gade G. Waqa Kelera Bavadra 《Sex roles》2006,55(7-8):555-566
Australian and Fijian adolescent girls reported on the influence that sociocultural factors, including parents, peers, and
the media, had on their body image attitudes. It was expected that messages that promote a thin body would be less prevalent
among Fijians, as their cultural traditions place more importance on robust body sizes. An inductive thematic analysis of
the girls’ semi-structured interviews indicated that both Fijian (n = 16) and Australian (n = 16) girls (aged 13–17) reported messages from similar sources, which included parents, siblings, and friends/peers. Australian
girls consistently reported messages that reinforced thinness. On the other hand, Fijian girls reported messages that emphasized
both thinness and robustness. The discussion focuses on the conflict between Western ideals and cultural Fijian traditions
and the implications for culturally sensitive interventions. 相似文献
16.
Using an experimental design, male (n = 41) and female (n = 46) undergraduate students in the southeastern USA evaluated an identical written lecture by a male and female professor
on pay disparities between men and women in the workforce suggesting sex discrimination. Regardless of the students’ sex,
the male professor and his lecture was rated more positively and less sexist than the female professor. Moderated multiple
regression analysis indicated that more traditional and gender stereotypical attitudes toward women in male students were
related to greater sexism ratings of the female professor compared to the male professor whereas; no differences on ratings
of sexism between the male and female professor were found for male students with more liberal attitudes. 相似文献
17.
Moksnes, U. K. & Espnes, G. A. (2012). Self‐esteem and emotional health in adolescents – gender and age as a potential moderators. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 483–489. The present paper investigates possible gender and age differences on emotional states (depression and anxiety) and self‐esteem as well as the association between self‐esteem and emotional states. The cross‐sectional sectional sample consists of 1,209 adolescents 13–18 years from public elementary and secondary schools in mid‐Norway. The results showed that girls reported higher scores on state anxiety and state depression, whereas boys consistently scored higher on self‐esteem in all age groups. Self‐esteem was strongly and inversely associated with both state depression and state anxiety. An interaction effect of gender by self‐esteem was found on state depression, where the association was stronger for girls than for boys. The associations found give support for the positive role of self‐esteem in relation to adolescents’ emotional health and well‐being. 相似文献
18.
We used a national database (Educational Longitudinal Study) to investigate the effects of parent’s gender, child’s gender,
and parental involvement in school on the academic achievement of adolescents in single-parent families. A three way 2 × 2 × 2
(parent’s gender × child’s gender × parental involvement) MANCOVA was conducted with four student academic achievement indicators
as dependent variables and SES as a covariate. The results indicated that parent gender and child gender interact with parent
involvement to affect adolescents’ academic achievement differentially. Specifically, daughters who lived with highly involved
single-fathers performed better academically than the other groups did. These findings suggest that researchers who study
single-parents’ involvement in their adolescents’ academic achievement need to pay more attention to gender-specific effects. 相似文献
19.
Marie-Axelle Granié Elodie Papafava 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2011,14(5):341-353
Gender differences in accidentology, notably on roads, are well documented and current research in social psychology tends to explain these differences by gender stereotypes, notably the association of risk-taking with social expectations concerning masculinity. To date, however, little research has explored gender stereotypes associated with vehicle driving. Beliefs about driving by men and women, as well as the effect of the age and gender of the perceiver, were explored using the free association method with 599 preadolescents and adolescents between 10 and 16 years of age. The results show that gender stereotypes are indeed associated with driving from the age of 10. While the representation of male drivers is already stable at this age, the representation of female drivers appears to develop with age. Furthermore, there is a notable in-group serving bias, but only among girls. The results are discussed in terms of an essentialist representation of genders, in-group/out-group relations, age differences in gender stereotypes associated with driving, and practical consequences on driver’s training and socialization to risk-taking. 相似文献
20.
Luca Caricati 《Sex roles》2007,57(3-4):159-171
Invariance hypothesis posits that, across cultures and contexts, men are higher in SDO than women. Social Dominance Theory
(SDT) suggests that this difference is biologically determined and resulting from the differences in reproductive strategies
between sexes. In this study we tested the hypothesis that values can explain gender–SDO differences. SDT suggests that SDO
mediates gender differences in values. The contrasting hypothesis suggests that gender–SDO differences are mediated by values.
Using SEM with a sample of Italian University students (N = 162, 80 men), the results provided strong support for the hypothesis of a mediation effect of values. Indeed, when controlling
for values, gender difference in SDO disappear. Very similar findings were obtained for both GBD and OEQ. Results are discussed. 相似文献