论人的心理素质

心理素质是我国素质教育中提出的本土化概念。文章以“素质-心理素质-心理素质与心理现象”为逻辑顺序,分别探索了素质和心理素质的本质涵义,并从心理素质与心理现象、人格、心理健康、社会适应的关系探讨了心理素质的特殊地位和功能。     

论心理健康素质

心理健康素质是在素质教育和心理健康教育研究基础上提出的一个新概念。本文主要探讨了心理健康素质问题研究的实践意义和理论基础;构建了心理健康素质的框架结构,解释了心理健康素质的内容,要素及其涵义;并对心理健康素质的影响因素作了简单阐释。     

ASSOCIATION STRUCTURES OF MENTAL RETARDATES

Free word associations of low level retardates (I.Q., 48) and higher level (I.Q., 67) retardates were examined for evidence of normal adult word association structures (idiodynamic associative sets). Such structures were found in both groups. The low level group, however, evidenced a factor structure different from that typical of normal adults. From a semantic point of view, associations of the low level group were more “concrete” than those of the higher level group. From a syntactic point of view, the lower level group lagged well behind the higher level group on the so-called “syntactic-paradigmatic” shift.     

中国青少年心理健康素质·人际素质的研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·人际素质分量表》对全国23个省、市、自治区的44063名青少年人际心理健康素质发展状况进行调查。结果表明：（1）我国青少年人际素质处于较好的发展水平;（2）青少年在整体人际素质及人际交往、人际调控、人际知觉等各维度上的年级变化呈现一定差异,整体人际素质与人际交往、人际调控维度得分随年级增长呈现下降趋势,人际知觉维度得分随年级的增长呈逐渐上升趋势。     

TOKEN ECONOMY MENTAL HOSPITAL SOCIETY

Le système économique, basé sur des jetons, d'un hôpital psychiatrique, tel qu'il est décrit par Ayllon et Azrin (1968), constitue une société expérimentale, opérationnelle, hautement contrôlée. Cette sous-culture est un laboratoire de relations humaines qui permet de tester des hypothèses culturelles et interculturelles sur le fonctionnement et les changements de la personnalité en liaison avec l'appartenance à un système économique fondé sur des jetons. Les hypothèses relatives à la personnalité peuvent être quantifiées et rendues objectives par l'emploi d'instruments de mesure hautement structurés comme l'Echelle de Comportement Social Minimal pour enfants et adultes. Cette échelle est actuellement utilisée aux Etats-Unis, en Tchécoslovaquie, en France, en Inde, en Espagne, pour obtenir des renseignements sur le fonctionnement et les changements de la personnalité en liaison avec des programmes particuliers de traitement. Les modes de traitement qu'on cherche à évaluer comprennent: thérapie par conditionnement opérant, traitement par drogues, psychothérapie traditionnelle et rééducation.     

儿童心理的发展

意識的起源問題是宇宙三大奥秘之一,是心理科学上的根本問題。 在心理科学中,意識的起源問題,一般是从两个方面来加以研究的:一个是从种系发展方面来研究,这就是动物心理发展史和人类心理发展史;一个是从个体方面来研究,这主要是儿童心理发展史。     

MENTAL CAUSATION FROM THE TOP-DOWN

Dual-attribute theories are alleged to face a problem with mental causation which commits them to either epiphenomenalism or overdetermination – neither of which is attractive. The problem, however, is predicated on assumptions about psychophysical relations that dual-attribute theorists are not obliged to accept. I explore one way they can solve the problem by rejecting those assumptions.     

ATTENTION AND MENTAL PAINT1

Much of recent philosophy of perception is oriented towards accounting for the phenomenal character of perception—what it is like to perceive—in a non‐mentalistic way—that is, without appealing to mental objects or mental qualities. In opposition to such views, I claim that the phenomenal character of perception of a red round object cannot be explained by or reduced to direct awareness of the object, its redness and roundness—or representation of such objects and qualities. Qualities of perception that are not captured by what one is directly aware of or by representational content are instances of what Gilbert Harman has called “mental paint” ( Block, 1990 ; Harman, 1990 ). The claim of this paper is that empirical facts about attention point in the direction of mental paint. The argument starts with the claim (later modified) that when one moves one's attention around a scene while keeping one's eyes fixed, the phenomenology of perception can change in ways that do not reflect which qualities of objects one is directly aware of or the way the world is represented to be. These changes in the phenomenology of perception cannot be accounted for in terms of awareness of or representation of the focus of attention because they manifest themselves in experience as differences in apparent contrast, apparent color saturation, apparent size, apparent speed, apparent time of occurrence and other appearances. There is a way of coping with these phenomena in terms of vague contents, but vague contents cannot save direct realism or representationism because the kind of vagueness required clashes wth the phenomenology itself.     

中国青少年心理健康素质·自我的研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查·自我分量表》对44063份小学五年级到大学阶段我国青少年有效问卷进行分析,结果表明：整体自我得分从小学五年到高中一年下降明显,高中阶段变化不大,高三到大学阶段略有上升。构成整体自我的各维度、因子也大多具有相同的年级变化特点。     

MATERNITY LEAVE AND WOMEN'S MENTAL HEALTH

The Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Study addresses an important policy issue, parental leave, by investigating the work status, maternity leave, and mental health of 570 women. In the longitudinal design, the women, all of whom were living with a husband or partner, were interviewed during the fifth month of pregnancy, 1 month postpartum, and 4 months postpartum. At 4 months postpartum, full-time workers, part-time workers, and homemakers did not differ in depression or anger, but full-time workers showed elevated anxiety compared with the other two groups. In multiple regression analyses, length of leave interacted significantly with marital concerns when predicting depression; women who took a short leave (6 weeks or less) and were high on marital concerns had the highest depression scores. Short maternity leave can be conceptualized as a risk factor that, when combined with other risk factors such as marital concerns, places women at greater risk for depression.     

特殊儿童及其心理发展

本文讨论了对特殊儿童狭义和广义的两种理解。对盲、聋、智力落后儿童的主次缺陷和它们对认识活动的影响进行了初步分析,并对特殊儿童心理发展中缺陷补偿的问题进行了初步探讨。