德国应用伦理学近况

本文介绍了在当前德国人文社会科学面临的学科整合的背景下应用伦理学的发展近况,重点展示了应用伦理学界在"人性尊严"概念上的学术论争。     

Die Zukunft gestalten im Angesicht der Vergangenheit

We report on the 4th Nazareth Conference with Jewish and German participants, most of whom are psychoanalysts. As Herman Beland has observed, these Conferences are intended to be “something like a self-experiment by Germans and Israelis to become, in the presence of the other group, aware of the unconscious identity of both people after the Holocaust.” There is still a widespread inability to mourn for the consequences of the terrible events in the years between 1933 and 1945 and deal satisfactorily with their effects. None of the groups, neither the German, nor the Israeli / Jewish, can do their own inner work without the other. For this reason, the method chosen as appropriate was the Tavistock-style “group relations conference”. This approach was developed by the Institute of Human Relations in London and does not focus on the individual’s behaviour but uses large and small groups to investigate group processes in the here and now. -The present work describes, among other things, the unexpectedly strong resistance towards changes of the conscious and unconscious inner images both of one’s own group and of the other. This process led to a feeling of hopelessness and paralysis within the German group that, due to the presence of the Jewish group, we could not avoid. For the Germans, it was hard to bear and observe the mutually shared history. Jewish participants were not able to accept their own German–Austrian childhood memories as a part of their own identity and connect them to the Germans. Each participant across the groups experienced the fantasy of destruction and the unfruitful effects of division. We had to feel how much the fate of the Germans and the Jews were interlocked to understand the participants’ tensions and efforts for opening new pathways.     

Ethik in der Psychotherapie

This contribution discusses some fundamental questions of medical ethics in psychotherapy. The problems discussed arise when ?care ethics“, which is based mainly on the Hippocratic Oath as the basis of medical ethics, is rejected. After a short overview of the relevant ethical theories, we ask for values and principles which might serve as a foundation for philosophical reasoning on the doctor-patient-relationship. In particular, we discuss the role of autonomy and informed consent in this relationship, following Beauchamp’s and Childress’ ethical principlism. We try to show the limited scope of the principle of autonomy in psychotherapy. Finally, we make a plea for a dynamic conception of patient autonomy for which we offer some pragmatic reasons. To round this conception off it is illustrated by the metaphor of the lighthouse.     

Zukunft der Psychotherapie in der Psychiatrie

The conceptual development of the German mental health system can only be understood against the background of the specific historical development process; therefore, the emigration of psychodynamic psychotherapists during the Third Reich as well as the complicated reintegration of psychotherapy into psychiatry during the postwar period are of particular relevance. The current discussion concerning the relationship of psychiatry and psychotherapy is characterized by the development of new techniques and methods and the concept of modular psychiatry, whereas the traditional complex psychotherapeutic procedures are becoming less important. In the future, the development of clinical and scientific research should focus on psychotherapy in old age as well as adolescence psychotherapy, the combination of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment and issues concerning chronic courses as well as resistance to therapy.     

技术伦理需要机制化

技术伦理的有效运用离不开机构制度的支持.制度和机构一方面承担着对工程师的教育和伦理论坛的职能,是传授技术伦理思想的平台,另一方面,它也承担着单个工程师所无法独立承担的责任.德国工程师协会制定的工程师的伦理守则就是技术伦理机制化的一个范例.     

Das Ontologische Dilemma der Normativen Ethik

The Ontological Dilemma of Normative Ethics. This paper pursues two goals. The first is to show that normative ethics is confronted with the following dilemma: to be coherent, this discipline is ontologically committed to acknowledge the existence of objective values, but, to be scientifically respectable, it is committed to repudiate such values. The second goal is to assess the possible solutions to this dilemma. To this end, the following strategies are discussed: Kant’s constructive objectivism, Jürgen Habermas’ “epistemic ersatzism”, Franz von Kutschera’s “confirmation pragmatism”, and David Brink’s “objectivist tour de force”. The paper’s conclusion is that the dilemma cannot be solved because it rests on a clash of intuitions none of which can be given up. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

作为权宜道德的技术伦理

通过对四种传统伦理观在面对高新技术时的困惑、局限及其根源的分析,提出了以亚里士多德的智慧伦理和笛卡儿的权宜道德为基础,在尊重遗产价值和选择价值的同时,以灵活具体的道德规则代替抽象不变的道德原则和规范.发展了7条解决技术伦理问题的战略,并且强调技术伦理的有效贯彻关键在于将技术伦理变为制度伦理.     

Zur Geschichte und aktuellen Situation der Ethik in der Sowjetunion

Developments in Soviet ethics have been largely, but not exclusively, determined by the official ideology. Since 1917 philosophers have debated four successive models of morality. In the first, morality was regarded as tool of the exploiting classes and thus was superseded by communism. This attitude in fact fostered moral nihilism and anarchism. In the second period of ethical reflection, morality was contrued as a social, class-relative, phenomenon, conceived in utilitarian terms. With respect to Communist morality whatever serves socialism as defined by the Communist Party acquires the force of a moral imperative. It is important to understand whether this perspective is true to Marx's views. Whereas classical ethics assumed an extraworldy foundation for morality Marx adopted the humanist, immanentist perspective, according to which morality has a pragmatic sense as an ideal, the goal of activity. Soviet ethical theory of the Stalin era did not deviate from this perspective, for which reason ethics as a professional science was entirely subordinated to Party decrees about socialism as an ideal. In the third period beginning in the mid-fifties, a new view came to the fore which was codified in the 1961 Party program: moral values are now regarded as having a specific quality, social development involves a moral dimension, and moral values exhibit an all-human import. During this period the leading issue among philosophers is the question of the essence and specificity of morality as distinct from other forms of social consciousness. Just prior to the era of perestrojka beginning in 1985 a fourth model emerged which in fact prepared in most essential respects the actual new thinking in morality. The matters under consideration had to do with the global dimensions of moral problems given the common experience and fears of humanity. For this reason morality was now seen as superseding politics. Presently, this reorientation has not only enabled abandoning attitudes favoring class morality, but thrown into relief the tragic consequences of this attitude within Soviet history.The new image of morality corresponds to abstract humanism with its stress on the person and universal values. The task before Soviet ethicians is to provide theoretical and methodological foundations for their research by which they can improve the professional quality of their work and provide the discipline with a new identity over and against Marxism.     

Der Streit der russischen Marxisten um Kants Ethik

At the beginning of 20th century, there was a problem of establishing which version of the association of Kant’s and Marx’s ideas is correct. If some Legal Marxists more or less combined Kant and Marx, most Russian Social Democrats, especially Bolsheviks, were against such an association. Under the influence of G. V. Plekhanov, Russian Marxists announced a sharply critical attitude toward Kant’s philosophy. This position was reinforced by Russian philosophers, poets, and slavophiles who accused Kant of being militarist. During the World War I, both tendencies faced each other. Plekhanov’s desperate appeal to ?the simple laws or morals and justice” and Kant’s “Critique of Practical Reason”, which was supported by L. I. Axelrod, failed. It was rejected by the majority of Marxists both during the World War I and after the triumph of the 1917 October Revolution.     

Die wende der Philosophie

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Kinder der Verfolgten

The profound influence of the Holocaust on the further fate of survivors and on that of their children remained for a long time unrecognized. Psychoanalysis, too, noticed this influence of persecution not until the seventies. This article reviews the development ten years after and demonstrates by case studies, how the topic of survival determined the whole personal world of the next generation. The topics change along with the phase-specific developmental themes and depending on what happened to the parents. The connections of these topics to the developmental phases are prepared by the auxiliary ego-functions survivor-parents have for their children.     

Die Machtperzeption der UdSSR

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Sprache der fiktion

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Artistik der Psychoanalyse

Zusammenfasssung  Die Psychoanalyse wird im Rückgriff auf die Praxis Freuds als artistisches Handwerk begriffen, das der Phantasie als Erkenntnismittel und -zweck die entscheidende Bedeutung zuweist. Sie ist eine Imaginationslehre und der Phantasieschlüssel, die produktive Einbildungskraft eines Therapeuten, der Zentralbegriff für dessen Güte: Gegen das Klischee des Standardsettings werden die Fähigkeit und das Ausmaß phantastischer Induktion durch den Therapeuten gestellt, gegen die Fiktion von rekonstruktiver Arbeit der produktive Konstruktivismus der Psychoanalyse. Die antizipatorische Kompetenz des Therapeuten erweist sich als Quelle der Heilkraft, die dem Patienten eine sinnvolle Benennung für seine unerklärlichen und fremden Erfahrungen der Symptome gibt. Der Analytiker ist, wie der Künstler, ein Experte phantasierenden Umdenkens und Umgestaltens der vorfindlichen Wahrnehmungsrealität. Seine kompositorischen Fähigkeiten sind die Bedingung, dem Patienten das Noch-Nicht-Bekannte, Nichterfahrene aus dem Fundus seines Phantasievermögens hinzuzufügen. In diesem hermeneutischen Ergänzungsprinzip der Psychoanalyse, ihrem gestaltschaffenden Entdeckungsprinzip, liegt die Hauptquelle der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Die von uns entwickelte Technik der korrigierenden kognitiven Erfahrung ist eine Methode zur produktiven Sinnbestimmung der Symptome und wird in ihrer klinischen Bedeutung für alle Strukturen dargestellt. Die Wahrheit der psychoanalytischen Methode offenbart sich gleichwie das Wahre in der Kunst durch eine andere und neue Selbst- und Weltanschauung des Patienten.

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The artistic quality of psychoanalysisIngeniousity and the corrective cognitive experience

Taking up the practice of Freud, psychoanalysis is regarded here as an artistic skill attaching central importance to phantasy as a means and also goal of insight. Psychoanalysis is a science of imagination. The key, the productive imaginative ability of the therapist is the central concept for its quality. The clichee of the standard setting is contrasted with the ability and the extent of phantasy induction by the therapist, as well as the fiction of reconstructive work with the productive contructivism of psychoanalysis. The anticipatory competence of the therapist is the source of the healing force offering a meaningful designation to the patients inexplicable and strange experiences and symptoms. The psychoanalyst is in the same way as an artist an expert of imaginative rethinking and reshaping of the given perceptional reality. His compositional abilities are the pre-condition for amplifying out of his imaginative resources the patients experience by still unknown and new experiences. The main source of therapeutic effectivity is this hermeneutic completion principle of psychoanalysis by which it creates through discovery new Gestalts. Our technique of the corrective cognitive experience is a method of productive sense-giving to the symptoms and is presented in its importance for all structures. The truth of the psychoanalytic method reveals itself just as the truth of arts in the patients new and different view of the self and the world.

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Prof. Dr. Manfred Pohlen ist emeritierter Direktor der Klinik für Psychotherapie der Philipps-Universität, Marburg.* Der vorliegende Exkurs über die Artistik der Psychoanalyse folgt den umfassenderen Ausführungen zu diesem Thema in der von M. Polen und M. Bautz-Holzherr vorgelegten Monographie: Eine andere Psychodynamik - Psychotherapie als Programm zur Selbstbemächtigung des Subjekts (Huber 2001), in der wir eine psychodynamische Praxistheorie unter der Perspektive der Selbstbemächtigung des therapeutischen Subjekts veröffentlicht haben.

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