Schmerz ist nicht gleich Schmerz

Pain is an emotional state that is inextricably linked to the mental state and sociocultural background of the person experiencing the pain. The basis of our current understanding of the pain are the bio-psycho-social model and knowledge regarding complex physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Nociceptive pain is caused by a painful stimulus; upon activation of peripheral nociceptors, signals are sent to the brain for processing. It has a protective function because it leads to reflexes or behavior-based reactions to minimize damage to tissue. Neuropathic pain is—apart from a few exceptions—a chronic, non-malignant pain condition that is caused by diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. In contrast to acute pain, the causes of chronic pain are usually not known and remain even when no tissue damage is present.     

Selbst das selbst ist nicht selbst

EVEN SELF IS WITHOUT SELF. The Buddhist triad of body, speech and mind and the concept of self as their function are analysed from an analytic philosopher;s point of view. Buddhism is seen as an empirical religion with intersubjective operationalisations of its concepts. The mind is not observable but can be found by empirical methods in the traces of its actions, which can be found in the utterances of speech. Semantical and other paradoxes do not permit the location of mind within the hierarchy of languages. Mind has an active aspect by choosing a suitable frame of reference for every activity of the aspect of speech and is thus irreducible to that aspect. Mind is the space, the essence, indescribable by language, of possible frames of reference for perception and cognition. This absolute aspect of the mind corresponds to an absolute aspect of the self, unique by identitas indiscernibilium, which cannot be perceived, but can be found by the exercise of awareness; while the relative self corresponds to the individual form of cognition and does not therefore presuppose a semantical regress of ever richer metalanguages.     

Der neuropathische Schmerz in der medizinischen Praxis

Patients with pain symptoms probably represent one of the most frequent treatment indications in clinical practice. This is regardless of medical specialty, as pain is interdisciplinary and occurs in all fields, and is thus also treatable and should be treated, as long as the pain is chronic, i.e. lasting for more than 3 up to a maximum of 6 months. The exception is purely organ-related or postoperative pain that is induced by an attributable previous incident. The pain as such, as long as it is not trauma- or surgery-induced, is invariably a neurological disease or a neurological symptom.     

Grundlinien der nicht ausgeführten Ästhetik Max Schelers

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Fundamental(ist) attribution error: Protestants are dispositionally focused

Attribution theory has long enjoyed a prominent role in social psychological research, yet religious influences on attribution have not been well studied. We theorized and tested the hypothesis that Protestants would endorse internal attributions to a greater extent than would Catholics, because Protestantism focuses on the inward condition of the soul. In Study 1, Protestants made more internal, but not external, attributions than did Catholics. This effect survived controlling for Protestant work ethic, need for structure, and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Study 2 showed that the Protestant-Catholic difference in internal attributions was significantly mediated by Protestants' greater belief in a soul. In Study 3, priming religion increased belief in a soul for Protestants but not for Catholics. Finally, Study 4 found that experimentally strengthening belief in a soul increased dispositional attributions among Protestants but did not change situational attributions. These studies expand the understanding of cultural differences in attributions by demonstrating a distinct effect of religion on dispositional attributions.