Utilisation d'une analyse de discours dans l'étude d'un cas de dédoublement de personnalité

The object of this article is to study the contribution of a discourse analysis software in comprehension of a case of dissociate personality disorder. Results obtained inform about the psychopathology of this case and give certain elements useful for the diagnostic discussion.     

Actualité de l'addiction et nécessaire retour au travail de mémoire

Our thesis is that the international psychiatric classifications (DSM-IV, CIM-10) have simply neglected the topical issue of the addiction concept. Indeed, because they are merely based on statistics, they organised the treatments on a political basis while obliterating the true therapeutic approach of the patient's deep suffering. On the other hand, the Humanist tradition issued from Pinel's work two centuries ago and continued by Freud, has questioned this social angst and promoted an interdisciplinary approach where medical, social and psychological realities converge. Relying on psychoanalytic data, we claim that only a work on memory based on a clinical approach which is tailored to suit the patient's particular requirements while taking into account his (past) experience can help him overcome his own tendencies and actions. Finally, we propose some therapeutic directions toward a “necessity to build history”.     

Validation de l'adaptation française de l'échelle de dépendance à l'exercice physique : l'EDS-R

The research purpose is to examine the internal consistency, test–retest reliability and factorial validity of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R), translate into French language. Three studies, containing 965 persons, are undertaken to accomplish these purpose. Participants have completed the EDS-R. Adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability for the scale are evidenced in the two first studies. Confirmatory analysis (Lisrel) in study 3 supported a correlated seven-factor model, the model fit are acceptable (TLI = 0,93; CFI = 0,94; RMSEA = 0,062; SRMR = 0,06). These studies provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the EDS-R into French. Language. This instrument can be thus used in the clinical and studies framework on the exercise dependence.     

Définition de la qualité de vie par des personnes âgées

Semi structured interviews about Quality of Life were conducted with 19 elder persons in France. After performing text analyses of these interviews, 10 dimensions of Quality of Life from the own elder people perspective were defined. Subsequently, from these dimensions, four profiles of quality of life were obtained using the cluster analyses. These profiles of quality of life were discussed in terms of style of adaptation.     

Études des caractéristiques de l'utilisateur,de la tâche et de l'interface en réalité virtuelle

The increase of virtual reality application and its use into new fields (training, entertainment and health) point up the difficulty for users to be efficient with this new technology. In order to understand these inter-individual differences, we have studied the impact of the task, the interface and the users' characteristics on this performance. For the task, we have focused on manipulation and travel tasks. For the interface, we have studied the impact of the screen size on the performance and finally with regard to the user, we have focused on the impact of working memory and spatial capacities on performance. Our results show a performance gain on large screen whatever the task. They show that the users' spatial capacities predicted the performance, particularly for the tasks realized on a small screen. We conclude that a large screen is a cognitive aid that permits a high level of performance.     

Validation de l'échelle de mémoire transactive en langue française et adaptation au contexte académique

This study presents a validation of a French version of the Transactive Memory Scale (TMS, Lewis 2003) adapted to educational context. The system of transactive memory refers to three distinct components: coordination, credibility and specialization. Studies using this scale confirm the importance of this construct on the group processes and collective performance. The results of this study, among a field sample of 45 learning groups (N = 180), indicated that the French TMS scale adapted in an educational context is internally consistent, and had good convergent, predictive and discriminant validity. These findings provide a valuable instrument that managers can use to better understand and regulate the coordination between members of their work-teams.     

La soumission librement consentie au service de la socialisation de l'Âgé

Desocialisation of the Aged leads to physical and psychic pathologies (Pellissier, 2003). Some old age homes propose to their residents to participate in social activities in order to counter the loss of social roles. However more than half of them never attend these activities. In study 1 (before and after experimental design) and in study 2 (control and experimental design), free compliance procedures (Joule et Beauvois, 1998, 2002) turn out to be useful for helping residents to get out of their isolation: performing both the "But you are free of…" procedure (Guéguen et Pascual, 2000) and the "touching" one (Kleinke, 1977) leads more residents to express the intention to participate in the proposed activity, and to actually participate.     

Les effets de la formation sur site auprès des soignants d'unités de psychiatrie générale : bilan d'une expérience

In the context of a hospital institution prone to many upheavals, which answers the psychologists propose with faintness growing looking after in psychiatry? From an experiment of psychologist in psychiatric sector, we wish to show that the formation on site, being pressed on the articulation of psychopathology to the private clinic and psychoanalytical listening, brings a redefinition and a re-dynamization of the practices. The psychologists have today an important place to organize, insufflate, this type of formation which opens prospects with the reflexion on the practice, while shifting the cleavage in/out where is taken the psychologist in his report at the institution.     

Comment les étudiants se perçoivent-ils en fonction de leur origine sociale ? Étude de contenu du stéréotype

The aim of the present research is to study the content of the stereotypes associated with students' high and low socio-economic status (SES), using free association, Brigham's percentages and McCauley & Stitt's diagnostic ratio methods. Independently of the method used, the results show that low SES students are somehow positively perceived. This is not the case with negative traits, in particular those related to intellectual abilities, which are differently associated to the stereotype depending on the method used. Additionaly, the results show that a stereotype of high SES students can be identified, for which intellectual and academic dimensions seem to be central. Limits of this study and particular interest regarding its implications (i.e. stereotype threat) are discussed.     

Un score individuel de reconnaissance d'une série de stimuli intermédiaires entre deux sources : la perception catégorielle des expressions faciales

Morphing is a computerized tool allowing the generation of pictures which are « hybrids » of two sources-pictures, in controlled proportions. Over the last decade, this tool did contribute greatly to the knowledge of mechanisms underlying facial expressions recognition. Especially, it appeared that categorical perception is involved. Indeed, while the physical variation from one source to the other is continuous and linear, the perceptual variation takes the form of a sigmoïdal or threshold function. The same applies to facial identity recognition and to recognition of face's gender. The present paper shows that data collected to evidence categorical perception can also be used to assess accuracy of expression recognition, whatever categorical or not, and to compare, say, the performance of an individual subject to that of a control group. In short, the proportion of subjects of the control group making the same choice as the individual subject is used as an estimator of the probability that this subject is issued from a normal population. This procedure furnishes criteria to decide if a given response is correct or not, which is not possible when free choices are recorded. This adaptation can be generalized to every tool designed to evaluate categorical perception.     

Le processus de diagnostic de maladie d'Alzheimer : l'annonce et la relation médecin–malade

Because of social and personal implications, disclosing an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis to a person is not a simple task for a physician. Positions stated in medical literature and in the legal framework converge towards the idea of informing patients in a clear and detailed manner. The researcher conducted 23 semi-structured interviews involving hospital heathcare providers, majoritarily physicians, in France and Quebec. These interviews show that practices vary according to modes of doctor/patient relationships, representations of Alzheimer's disease, and the organization of the professional sector. Because of the length of the disease and the effects on patients, the issue of disclosing the diagnosis opens a discussion about how to accompany and care for patients and their families in the course of time.     

Prévenir les troubles de la cognition spatiale chez l'enfant atteint d'IMC : apports de la biomécanique du mouvement

Because the lesion occurs when the cerebral system did not complete its maturation, one cannot envisage the consequence of a cerebral palsy on the motor development nor on the psychological development. To successed in the modelization of the motricity of children with cerebral palsy, the theorical approaches of the biomechanic of movment are relevant rather than approaches of neurosciences in which the movement is the product of a central programming. The aim of the paper is to show an original way of work for the investigation of the nature of the link which exists between the quality of the gesture production and the space organization disorders. If this link is confirmed we will be able to care in a preventive way in young children with cerebral palsy. It will be possible to identify precociously the motor patterns and to consider the accompaniment and the shoring of the motor experience.     

Éléments contextuels associés à l'émission de comportements d'agitation verbale présentés par des personnes âgées institutionnalisées atteintes de démence

This research examines the contexts in which verbal agitation (VA) behaviours occur. The study was conducted with 15 participants suffering from dementia who live in an institution and display agitated behaviours. Participants were subject to observation assisted by a hand-held computer. The frequency and duration of agitation episodes were calculated. The time of day, the location, and the activity engaged in, the presence of other persons and use of physical restraint were noted. A total of 180 observation hours were conducted, with each participant being observed for 12 hours, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. The results show that the participants are verbally agitated 10% of the time. VA is manifested when participants are in their rooms (94%), not engaged in a specific activity (81%), alone (80%) and physically restrained (78%). VA occurs mainly after 2 p.m. (73%). Certain contextual characteristics rather than others are associated with greater VA concentrations.     

Sur la différenciation des aptitudes cognitives de l'enfant

Data from the standardization sample of a French intelligence scale for children aged from 4 to 9 years (Échelles Différentielles d'Efficiences Intellectuelles) were examined to verify the ability differentiation hypothesis. The whole sample (n = 574) was divided into three age groups (4–5, 6–7 and 8–9 years) and multisample confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Results showed that correlations between subtests, factor loadings, correlation between factors, and residual variance of subtests were similar across age groups. This finding doesn't seem to be the consequence of a sampling bias or a positive correlation between age and reliability or variability of subtest scores. Like results of other recent research on this question, it challenges the hypothesis of a differentiation of abilities during childhood, at least when studies are conducted with intellectual composite scales applied to unselected samples of participants.     

Autorégulation et conduites d'observance thérapeutique : exemple de l'hypertension artérielle

In many pathologies, therapeutic non-observance leads to poor adaptation. Sociocognitive theories about psychological variables involved in behaviour change have allowed a part of intention of new behaviour to be explained, but have failed to predict the adoption of this behaviour. In the present study, we take into account behavioural self-regulation views to explain the adoption of therapeutic observance behaviours in the case of arterial hypertension. Results show that features of personal goals structure as well as motivational regulatory variables are relevant to study therapeutic observance among hypertensive patients. Results will be developed and discussed in this article.     

Le passage de haies : de la réalité sportive en heptathlon à la réalité subjective d'Emma

The major dimension of this article is to point out the importance of psychological follow-up with sporting teenagers. Emma's example illustrates the inherent transitions from this period of age in the specific context of the high level sport. For Emma, the passage of hurdle becomes the metaphor of its psychical conflict. The counter performance which appears in the passage of hurdle announces its ambivalence with regard to its personal history within realities of sport cultures. This making sense of the sporting problems within the framework of the psychological follow-up can help to exceed this difficulty of passage and to support its engagement like subject of its own desire on the way of its realization in the sporting act.     

La fin de l'adolescence pour un état adulte : mythe ou réalité ?

Research in philosophy, sociology, psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis converge on the one hand to describe modernism as an approach to ignoring subjectivity, as a consequence of the power of the economy, and on the other hand the identification of the word as an instrument of the advent of subjective autonomy, the only real “maturity” which exists. By its words, the individual becomes autonomous from this economic matter as it does from its fantasies. There are many, of all ages, who never reach this position. Consequently, does the postulate of adolescence being limited to an age bracket have any sense? And doesn't all that has been said referring to this concept apply in fact to all social suffering?     

Perception de la maladie et adhérence thérapeutique chez des enfants asthmatiques

This study had two objectives. The first one was to adapt and validate the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for children and their parents. The second one was to assess the influence of parent's and children's asthma perception and parent's involvement in treatment on adherence among children suffering asthma. One hundred and forty-six asthmatic children (8–12 years old) and ninety-two parents completed the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire and a therapeutic adherence scale. Children who have a good understanding of their illness and who think that their treatment control their asthma, have a better therapeutic adherence. The originality of this research lies in the use of the Illness Perception Questionnaire among children; this could be used in other chronic pediatric diseases.     

Les directives anticipées et la personne de confiance en gériatrie : de l'émergence de mouvements défensifs à une possibilité d'élaboration psychique sur le vieillissement et la mort proche pour le sujet âgé et sa famille

The object of this study is to identify old people's resistances and their family's, concerning advance directives and the personhood's nomination. Semi-structured interviews were realized by 20 hospital patients and 14 persons living in an old people's home. Families named as “personhood” by their parents were also interviewed. Writing advances directives spark off anguish and defence mechanisms among the elderly people and their families, curbing the law's application. But these protocols seem to be used as a tool of the trade by the psychologist in geriatrics. It allows indeed old people to enter in an grieving process and to prepare themselves for the end-of-life.