Définition de la qualité de vie par des personnes âgées

Semi structured interviews about Quality of Life were conducted with 19 elder persons in France. After performing text analyses of these interviews, 10 dimensions of Quality of Life from the own elder people perspective were defined. Subsequently, from these dimensions, four profiles of quality of life were obtained using the cluster analyses. These profiles of quality of life were discussed in terms of style of adaptation.     

Sur la différenciation des aptitudes cognitives de l'enfant

Data from the standardization sample of a French intelligence scale for children aged from 4 to 9 years (Échelles Différentielles d'Efficiences Intellectuelles) were examined to verify the ability differentiation hypothesis. The whole sample (n = 574) was divided into three age groups (4–5, 6–7 and 8–9 years) and multisample confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Results showed that correlations between subtests, factor loadings, correlation between factors, and residual variance of subtests were similar across age groups. This finding doesn't seem to be the consequence of a sampling bias or a positive correlation between age and reliability or variability of subtest scores. Like results of other recent research on this question, it challenges the hypothesis of a differentiation of abilities during childhood, at least when studies are conducted with intellectual composite scales applied to unselected samples of participants.     

La soumission librement consentie au service de la socialisation de l'Âgé

Desocialisation of the Aged leads to physical and psychic pathologies (Pellissier, 2003). Some old age homes propose to their residents to participate in social activities in order to counter the loss of social roles. However more than half of them never attend these activities. In study 1 (before and after experimental design) and in study 2 (control and experimental design), free compliance procedures (Joule et Beauvois, 1998, 2002) turn out to be useful for helping residents to get out of their isolation: performing both the "But you are free of…" procedure (Guéguen et Pascual, 2000) and the "touching" one (Kleinke, 1977) leads more residents to express the intention to participate in the proposed activity, and to actually participate.     

Améliorer la communication et gérer l'opposition à l'adolescence par la pratique de la Lutte Éducative

This paper presents and defines concept of “Educational Wrestling” as a particular wrestling's approach based on the self-knowledge, on the body, mental, emotional and relational levels of the person. By direct physical confrontation that it implies, this is an activity with high emotional load, having educational psychoqualities, which we discuss in a clinical approach of management of the affects, identity construction and mode of relation to the other. Our remarks are illustrated by clinical cases of four 12 years aged pupils, presenting difficulties of integration, behaviour and/or expression. The analysis of these young people during a cycle of five meetings of Educational Wrestling (starting from recordings video and of talks) makes it possible to describe qualitatively the changes observed following this workshop.     

Le passage de haies : de la réalité sportive en heptathlon à la réalité subjective d'Emma

The major dimension of this article is to point out the importance of psychological follow-up with sporting teenagers. Emma's example illustrates the inherent transitions from this period of age in the specific context of the high level sport. For Emma, the passage of hurdle becomes the metaphor of its psychical conflict. The counter performance which appears in the passage of hurdle announces its ambivalence with regard to its personal history within realities of sport cultures. This making sense of the sporting problems within the framework of the psychological follow-up can help to exceed this difficulty of passage and to support its engagement like subject of its own desire on the way of its realization in the sporting act.     

Études des caractéristiques de l'utilisateur,de la tâche et de l'interface en réalité virtuelle

The increase of virtual reality application and its use into new fields (training, entertainment and health) point up the difficulty for users to be efficient with this new technology. In order to understand these inter-individual differences, we have studied the impact of the task, the interface and the users' characteristics on this performance. For the task, we have focused on manipulation and travel tasks. For the interface, we have studied the impact of the screen size on the performance and finally with regard to the user, we have focused on the impact of working memory and spatial capacities on performance. Our results show a performance gain on large screen whatever the task. They show that the users' spatial capacities predicted the performance, particularly for the tasks realized on a small screen. We conclude that a large screen is a cognitive aid that permits a high level of performance.     

Étude de la structure d'un test de jugement pratique par l'analyse géométrique des données

This paper reports the results of the multivariate analysis of a situational judgement test (problem-situations contextualized with multiple choice questions) used as a tool to recruit highway patrollers. The main goal was to study the structure of the test. To do so, we carried out a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) over 849 participants' answers to twelve questions. This analysis has highlighted three main dimensions in the test, which we named "hierarchy" (axis 1), "discernment" (axis 2) and "safety" (axis 3). The score, calculated according to expert criteria, yields an overall assessment of candidates, while the MCA allows a more varied diagnosis, that takes into account the dimensions underlying the test as well as individual differences.     

Le processus de diagnostic de maladie d'Alzheimer : l'annonce et la relation médecin–malade

Because of social and personal implications, disclosing an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis to a person is not a simple task for a physician. Positions stated in medical literature and in the legal framework converge towards the idea of informing patients in a clear and detailed manner. The researcher conducted 23 semi-structured interviews involving hospital heathcare providers, majoritarily physicians, in France and Quebec. These interviews show that practices vary according to modes of doctor/patient relationships, representations of Alzheimer's disease, and the organization of the professional sector. Because of the length of the disease and the effects on patients, the issue of disclosing the diagnosis opens a discussion about how to accompany and care for patients and their families in the course of time.     

Perception de la maladie et adhérence thérapeutique chez des enfants asthmatiques

This study had two objectives. The first one was to adapt and validate the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for children and their parents. The second one was to assess the influence of parent's and children's asthma perception and parent's involvement in treatment on adherence among children suffering asthma. One hundred and forty-six asthmatic children (8–12 years old) and ninety-two parents completed the Revised-Illness Perception Questionnaire and a therapeutic adherence scale. Children who have a good understanding of their illness and who think that their treatment control their asthma, have a better therapeutic adherence. The originality of this research lies in the use of the Illness Perception Questionnaire among children; this could be used in other chronic pediatric diseases.     

Quel type d'approche scientifique pour la description de la personnalité ?

The purpose of the introduction to the special issue “scientific approaches of personality: challenges and controversies” is to present three different approaches to the scientific study of personality and personality judgment: the factorial approach, psychosocial approach, personality assessment at the level of the individual. The theoretical foundations of each field are exposed in the first part of the introduction. In the second part, we present the articles that compose this special issue.     

Un score individuel de reconnaissance d'une série de stimuli intermédiaires entre deux sources : la perception catégorielle des expressions faciales

Morphing is a computerized tool allowing the generation of pictures which are « hybrids » of two sources-pictures, in controlled proportions. Over the last decade, this tool did contribute greatly to the knowledge of mechanisms underlying facial expressions recognition. Especially, it appeared that categorical perception is involved. Indeed, while the physical variation from one source to the other is continuous and linear, the perceptual variation takes the form of a sigmoïdal or threshold function. The same applies to facial identity recognition and to recognition of face's gender. The present paper shows that data collected to evidence categorical perception can also be used to assess accuracy of expression recognition, whatever categorical or not, and to compare, say, the performance of an individual subject to that of a control group. In short, the proportion of subjects of the control group making the same choice as the individual subject is used as an estimator of the probability that this subject is issued from a normal population. This procedure furnishes criteria to decide if a given response is correct or not, which is not possible when free choices are recorded. This adaptation can be generalized to every tool designed to evaluate categorical perception.     

Les effets de la formation sur site auprès des soignants d'unités de psychiatrie générale : bilan d'une expérience

In the context of a hospital institution prone to many upheavals, which answers the psychologists propose with faintness growing looking after in psychiatry? From an experiment of psychologist in psychiatric sector, we wish to show that the formation on site, being pressed on the articulation of psychopathology to the private clinic and psychoanalytical listening, brings a redefinition and a re-dynamization of the practices. The psychologists have today an important place to organize, insufflate, this type of formation which opens prospects with the reflexion on the practice, while shifting the cleavage in/out where is taken the psychologist in his report at the institution.     

Utilisation d'une analyse de discours dans l'étude d'un cas de dédoublement de personnalité

The object of this article is to study the contribution of a discourse analysis software in comprehension of a case of dissociate personality disorder. Results obtained inform about the psychopathology of this case and give certain elements useful for the diagnostic discussion.     

Les directives anticipées et la personne de confiance en gériatrie : de l'émergence de mouvements défensifs à une possibilité d'élaboration psychique sur le vieillissement et la mort proche pour le sujet âgé et sa famille

The object of this study is to identify old people's resistances and their family's, concerning advance directives and the personhood's nomination. Semi-structured interviews were realized by 20 hospital patients and 14 persons living in an old people's home. Families named as “personhood” by their parents were also interviewed. Writing advances directives spark off anguish and defence mechanisms among the elderly people and their families, curbing the law's application. But these protocols seem to be used as a tool of the trade by the psychologist in geriatrics. It allows indeed old people to enter in an grieving process and to prepare themselves for the end-of-life.     

Les violences et agressions physiques au travail : analyse de la littérature

"The whole of the personnel was put in strike… the reason… one of their colleagues was violently attacked by a user with a knife…". Far from being a news in brief, workplace violence is present within the media; privileged witnesses of an iceberg. Indeed, according to last figures of European investigations, close of an employee on one on ten (9%) known as to have been victim of intimidation on its workplace, and 6% were victims of physical violence. And, however, some advance the idea that the official figures are well far from reality from the company, the majority of the figures relates the violence with even morbid serious after-effects more (Eurogip, 1998). This article will thus stick to work out an inventory of workplace violence and more specifically of physical violence. With this intention, an analysis of 28 articles was carried out starting from various criteria in order to raise conceptual nebula around this phenomenon. Which are the definitions suggested, methodologies used and the results obtained by this research? Thus, this article will open a track of reflexion on the perception of violence at work like occupational hazard but also like a stake of health at the work and public safety.     

Différences liées à l'âge lors de la lecture de phrases : étude des processus d'activation et d'inhibition

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a performance decrease related to normal aging can be accounted for by a decrease in activation and inhibition processes. An original categorical decision task was performed by young participants (mean: 21.46 years) and older participants (mean: 66.48 years). The task was to decide whether affirmative or negative sentences including a categorical component were correct or not. A self-space presentation was used in order to measure separate processing times for different parts of the sentence. The results showed a differential processing of the sentence components related to the participant age, which suggests a decrease in activation and inhibition processes with aging.     

Le clinicien face à la crise hystérique : enjeux théoricocliniques de l'épreuve du féminin

Hysterical crisis shows unexpected hallucinations and delirium happening into hysterical structure. Although subject of many psycho-analytical works, hysterical crisis is always matter of debate. That kind of crisis happens when hysterical women and their lover have fallen out. Analysing the case of madam M., we will propose a reflexion about the real raison of those love-affairs to reconsider hysteria in relation to feminity. We will propose a new conception of feminine climax in connection with hallucinations and delirium happening into hysteria. We will debate about position of psycho-clinician, precisely the transference-using face to hysterical subject in state of emergency. Finally, we will propose to think over singularity of subjective structure using the supply concept.     

Analyse de la dispersion des indices du WISC-IV en utilisant l'écart significatif par rapport à la moyenne des quatre indices

The discontinuation of traditional Verbal and Performance IQs in the WISC-IV and their replacement by four Indices lead to important modifications in practitioners' habits. The scatter analysis of the composite scores should be now considered in another way. In this paper, we advocate the use of the average index score as a baseline to analyze the Index score variability and to identify strengths and weaknesses in the profile of the Index scores. Davis's formula was used to compute reference values that can be used to highlight the Index scores significantly moving away from the average index score. The method was used for analyzing the Index score scatter in the standardization sample of the French adaptation of the WISC-IV. A rather important dispersion of the Index scores around the average index score was observed. More than 60% of the standardization sample showed at least one Index scores significantly moving away from the average index score. This variability was unrelated to gender, age and IQ level.     

Quel cadre pour les groupes d'analyse de la pratique ?

The article recounts an uncommon experience in which analysis of clinical situations in a group setting is led and animated by a psychologist who is a member of the same institution as the group of personnel requesting the clinical analysis. Due to the fact that the psychologist is also a member of the institution, this setting seems to go against the psychoanalytical theory, which serves as the main reference for this type of analysis. However, the author hypothesizes that this type of setting may allow a genuine process of subjective elaboration, provided that certain conditions are established in order to respect the principles of "transitional analysis" as defined by D. Anzieu. In this way, it is possible to respond to certain situations, which are organized by experiences or impressions of the "basic default" as theorized by M. Balint, and presented as very little differentiated request.