An Addendum to Measuring the Agreement Among Several Holland Codes

The contents of this short article suggest that alternative methods for measuring agreement among Holland (J. L. Holland, A. B. Powell, & B. A. Fritzsche, 1994) codes are appropriate and helpful.     

结果的接近性对正性结果评价影响的电生理证据

结果的接近性是指对已发生事件的实际结果与在心理上的理想结果或期待结果之间差距的接近程度。实验采用事件相关电位技术和类老虎机赌博任务探讨了结果的接近性对正性结果评价的影响。(1)行为评定结果表明, 结果的接近性不同水平诱发了不同的情绪体验, “差一点输”的赢钱使被试更多感到庆幸, “最理想”的赢钱使被试感到高兴; 结果的接近性也影响了随后trial的反应时, 与“一般”的赢钱和“最理想”的赢钱相比, “差一点输的”赢钱后的下一个trial中被试的反应时明显变长。(2)脑电结果表明, 结果的接近性不同水平诱发了不同的FRN和P300, 与“一般”的赢钱和“最理想”的赢钱相比, “差一点输”的赢钱诱发了波幅更大的FRN和波幅更大潜伏期更长的P300。这说明结果的接近性明显地影响了正性结果的认知评价加工。     

Addendum to concerns about professional schools

The present research adds to the October 2004 comments in the American Psychologist of Templer and Arikawa who reported that traditional clinical psychology graduate students had greatly higher mean GRE scores than professional school students. The traditional and professional students had mean undergraduate GPAs of 3.62 (SD= .13) and 3.36 (SD= .14), respectively. The mean respective percentages of applicants to 148 traditional and 50 professional programs accepted were 10.4 (SD= 9.5) and 44.4 (SD= 19.5), respectively.     

Addendum to "Summation in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)"

Rumbaugh, Savage-Rumbaugh, and Hegel (1987) reported that two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) could select, with better than 90% accuracy, the greater of two paired quantities of chocolate chips. In that study, no one quantity of chocolates (from 0 through 5) was used in both pairs on a given trial. We investigated the effect of having one quantity in common (CQ) in both pairs. Whether the other quantities (OQs) of chocolates were both less than or greater than the CQ, summation still occurred. Accuracy was primarily a function of the ratios of sums to be differentiated. This finding substantiated the earlier conclusion that summation was based on both quantities of each pair and not on some simpler process such as the avoidance of the tray with the smallest single amount or selection of the tray with the single largest amount.     

《内景图》与《修真图》初探

近几十年,道教中的两幅修炼图《内景图》(又名《内经图》)和《修真图》被高度评价,更有人考证其为丘处机及张三丰所画,图中藏有秘而不传的功法。然而,透过图中注文来源、选用诗句及所绘内容,即可考其创制年代及修炼含义。     

An Analysis on the Research Ethics Cases Managed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Between 1997 and 2010

The growing emphasis on the importance of publishing scientific findings in the academic world has led to increasing prevalence of potentially significant publications in which scientific and ethical rigour may be questioned. This has not only hindered research progress, but also eroded public trust in all scientific advances. In view of the increasing concern and the complexity of research misconduct, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 to manage cases with ethical implications. In order to review the outcomes of cases investigated by COPE, a total of 408 cases that had been managed by COPE were successfully extracted and analysed with respect to 7 distinct criteria. The results obtained indicate that the number of ethical implications per case has not changed significantly (p?>?0.01) since the year COPE was instigated. Interestingly, the number of ethical cases, and to some extent, research misconduct, is not diminishing. Therefore, journal editors and publishers need to work closely together with COPE to inculcate adoption of appropriate research ethics and values in younger researchers while discouraging others from lowering standards. It is hoped that with a more concerted effort from the academic community and better public awareness, there will be fewer incidences of ethically and scientifically challenged publications. The ultimate aim being to enhance the quality of published works with concomittant public trust in the results.     

利他惩罚中的结果评价—— ERP研究

利他惩罚是指个体为惩罚违反社会规范的人, 自愿支付成本。前人研究发现利他惩罚行为激活了背侧纹状体等与奖赏有关的脑区, 因此可以认为利他惩罚的结果是一种相当于金钱奖赏的正性结果, 不惩罚结果则是一种负性结果。本研究利用事件相关电位技术考察了被试在多次信任博弈游戏中观察“利他惩罚结果”和“不惩罚结果”的脑电成分, 结果发现被试产生了明显的反馈相关负波(feedback related negativity, FRN), 且负性程度更大的“不惩罚”结果其FRN波幅大于负性程度更小的“惩罚”结果。因为FRN是对负性反馈结果敏感的一个脑电成分。可见个体并非把利他惩罚结果知觉为一种正性结果, 因此FRN反映了对社会结果的情绪动机意义的评价。     

Addendum to Killeen's (2019) Bidding for Delayed Rewards

Killeen (2019) portrayed an intimate relation between diverse economic indices, in particular compensation functions, discount functions, and demand functions. The article bemused some experts, however, by its counterintuitive prediction of an increase in the amount bid as the delay increased. Furthermore, the article failed to provide an explicit treatment of the small–soon versus large–late choice paradigm, to cite several papers that provided precedent for the current work, and to demonstrate the adequacy of his expenditure functions for data on purchasing decisions. These shortcomings are remedied in the current note, and some additional extensions offered.     

Psychologists in medical schools in 1997. Research brief

The activities, income, and medical staff membership and limitations on that membership for psychologists working in U.S. medical school settings in 1997 were examined. A total of 1,938 psychologists responded to a survey conducted by the Research Office of the American Psychological Association, in conjunction with the Association of Medical School Psychologists. Some of the most salient findings were that (a) the largest number of psychologists was involved in research activities, (b) just over half of medical school psychologists were required to generate all or part of their own income through clinical work and research, and (c) the majority of these psychologists were members of a medical staff but were not extended full medical staff privileges. These and other results are discussed in the context of academic rank, tenure status, and other relevant factors.