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1.
成瘾相关记忆长期性的脑机制一直是药物成瘾研究领域的难点与热点,该文简要介绍了成瘾记忆长期性分子机制的研究脉络,提示表观遗传学修饰可能是研究药物成瘾的新视角。成瘾药物可以调节染色体不同亚型组蛋白乙酰化水平,不同基因DNA的甲基化程度从而改变染色体的空间结构,进而调节基因的表达导致成瘾,特别是DNA甲基化改变的相对的稳定性可能是成瘾记忆长期存在的分子基础。记忆再巩固过程中学习记忆相关脑区的记忆促进基因与记忆抑制基因的表观遗传学改变可能是未来研究的新趋势  相似文献   

2.
药物成瘾作为一种慢性复发性的脑疾病,具有从偶然性用药、规律性用药到强迫性用药的渐进式发展特征。研究提示,药物成瘾存在潜在的个体易感性机制,即在成瘾发生过程中不同个体接触药物后的成瘾风险并不相同,探索药物成瘾的神经生物标记是揭示成瘾易感性机制的重要途径。近十多年来,关于成瘾易感性标记的研究不断积聚。文章从神经认知、神经影像及脑电生理、分子遗传等层面梳理与药物成瘾生物标记有关的证据,试图在基因-大脑-心理-行为的理论框架下,对成瘾的发生发展机制进行综合阐释,期望为未来研究在探索药物成瘾的候选神经生物标记、寻找临床干预试验的精准靶点等方面提供更多理论参考。  相似文献   

3.
网游成瘾与海洛因成瘾具有许多相似的临床表现,但其神经机制是否相同还不得而知。综合近5年来的MRI研究发现,两类成瘾存在部分相同区域的脑结构和功能损害,且在成瘾线索诱发下二者的4个成瘾相关环路(认知控制环路、奖赏环路、动机环路和记忆-学习环路)均出现了广泛而增强的脑区激活反应。但海洛因成瘾的脑损害区域偏向更高级的认知控制环路和奖赏环路,损害范围也更广(4个环路的功能连通性均降低),而网游成瘾的脑损害主要发生在相对低级的记忆-学习环路和动机环路,损害范围也较窄(功能连通性降低只发生在认知控制和记忆-学习环路之间)。这些结果说明,两类成瘾行为的神经机制既有相同点,又有差异性。  相似文献   

4.
国内近日屡有报道,用颅内定向手术损毁相应神经结构治疗药物成瘾者,收到一定效果.笔者从神经生理学、神经生物化学、生理心理学角度审视它,认为这种手术疗法可能面临种种不确定性.  相似文献   

5.
张克  段颖  杜秀敏 《心理科学进展》2017,(10):1791-1798
孕前成瘾药物暴露不仅危害使用者的身体健康,而且会对子代的生理行为造成影响,近年来研究发现表观遗传机制在其中发挥重要作用。孕前成瘾药物暴露会对子代的成瘾易感性和焦虑样行为造成影响,引起子代的抑郁样行为和认知受损。这些现象可能是成瘾药物通过引起亲代生殖细胞内表观遗传修饰变化所致,其中包括印记基因、神经递质系统、BDNF三个方面的表观遗传修饰变化。此外,未来除了加强以上三个方面基因的研究,也需要增加其他方面基因的研究,以及寻找能预测子代异常行为的表观遗传生物标志物。  相似文献   

6.
药物成瘾是指持续使用成瘾药物, 出现耐受性和戒断症状并严重阻碍正常社会功能的精神疾病。工作记忆在调节药物成瘾行为中扮演了中心角色:在神经易感性和易感人格特质基础上, 低工作记忆容量导致危险决策和去抑制性, 进而影响寻求药物和复吸行为。目前的研究基于已经产生成瘾的个体, 无法区别神经易感性、人格特质以及工作记忆缺陷是药物成瘾的原因还是结果; 而且, 仅从认知角度研究药物成瘾的原因, 会忽视该行为受多个因素影响的事实。  相似文献   

7.
新颖寻求特质是个体对新颖刺激或潜在的奖赏线索表现出愉悦或兴奋的先天倾向, 并且这种先天倾向会导致个体为寻求潜在的奖赏进行频繁的探索性活动。众多研究表明, 新颖寻求水平高的个体药物成瘾易感性高。多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、胆囊收缩素、成纤维细胞生长因子及皮质酮可能参与了新颖寻求特质影响药物成瘾易感性的过程。未来, 仍需对新颖寻求特质影响药物成瘾易感性的神经生物学机制进行深入研究。  相似文献   

8.
药物成瘾会导致相关神经环路的结构和功能长期改变.大量新的研究证据表明,在DNA序列不变的情况下,药物成瘾可通过影响不同亚型DNA甲基转移酶(DNMTs)的表达,使脑内多个相关核团发生DNA甲基化以及基因表达的改变,进而导致神经元功能的可塑性变化.因此,DNA甲基化被视作导致成瘾行为长期存在的可能机制之一.结合近几年来的重要发现,本文将重点讨论相关脑区的DNA甲基化在成瘾行为发生发展过程中的作用,以及成瘾药物影响DNA甲基化水平的可能机制,并试图提出可深入的研究展望.  相似文献   

9.
药物成瘾过程的心理-神经理论模型   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
药物成瘾一般被界定为强迫性药物寻求和药物摄入的行为模式,是一个由偶尔用药逐渐过渡到强迫性用药模式的过程。成瘾过程伴随着一系列脑机能和心理机能的改变,但对药物滥用如何导致这些改变以及这些改变如何诱发成瘾却存在着不同的解释。本文在简要评述拮抗过程模型和异常学习模型的基础上,重点讨论了诱因一易感化模型的主要观点及其行为实验和神经心理学证据,并提出成瘾理论研究进一步整合的可能性。  相似文献   

10.
成瘾可分为物质成瘾和行为成瘾, 两类成瘾人群在跨期选择上都表现出高时间折扣率的缺陷, 但也有各自的特异性特征。成瘾人群跨期选择缺陷的神经基础主要集中在评估网络(腹内侧前额叶、纹状体、后扣带皮层等)、认知控制网络(前额叶皮层、前扣带皮层等)和预期想象网络(海马、杏仁核等); 可利用心理训练来改善成瘾人群跨期选择缺陷, 其干预方法包括工作记忆训练、预期想象训练、金钱管理指导等。未来研究应该从成瘾者跨期选择缺陷的认知机制、3个神经网络系统的交互作用机理、行为遗传学以及开发有效的干预方法等方面展开大量研究。  相似文献   

11.
有氧运动是氧气充足时运用大型肌肉群进行有节奏的持续运动。有氧运动可以加快工作记忆任务中的反应速度;在记忆编码前和记忆巩固阶段进行高强度有氧运动有助于提升情景记忆;高强度有氧运动可以促进内隐记忆。有氧运动可以促进神经营养因子的产生,引起长时程增强,激活海马等与记忆相关的脑区并促进神经元再生。未来可探究有氧运动开始和持续时间的影响、有氧运动强度和认知参与的影响、有氧运动对不同年龄性别群体的影响以及脑源性神经营养因子的中介作用,从而深入揭示有氧运动对记忆的影响及其神经生物学机制。  相似文献   

12.
赵春黎 《心理科学进展》2015,23(11):1956-1965
社会从众是指个体改变态度或行为, 与他人保持一致的现象。社会认知神经科学采用社会心理学的实验范式研究发现:背内侧前额叶、纹状体、眶额皮层、脑岛、杏仁核和海马等多个脑区在社会从众中扮演重要角色; 能够提高多巴胺水平、改善大脑奖赏敏感性的某些神经递质可能间接影响从众。强化学习理论的奖惩预期可以部分解释社会从众的原因。未来研究应改进实验范式, 扩大研究群体, 借助神经、生化技术, 利用动物模型, 深入探讨社会从众的神经生物学基础。  相似文献   

13.
Addictive disorders among the elderly have emerged as a growing public health concern. As the proportion of the elderly population increases, more and more older adults will either develop addictions as a dysfunctional means of coping with the psychosocial consequences of aging, or will carry their long-standing addictive behaviors with them into later life. Among the most common of these addictions are smoking, excess consumption of alcohol, and gambling. This article briefly reviews these three addictive disorders and examines assessment and treatment options. The current cohort of older adults tends not to seek help for addiction problems in specialty mental health or substance abuse treatment. To improve rates of cessation and abstinence, assessment and intervention should be delivered in general medical settings such as primary care. With the addition of a behavioral health specialist, primary care has the potential to offer improved interventions in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner.  相似文献   

14.
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs developed addiction competencies for clinical mental health counseling students. This article highlights these competencies, provides an overview of current addiction training, and describes methods to integrate addiction education into curricula.  相似文献   

15.
    
Empathy is associated with positive outcomes in addictions counseling. The moral model of addiction and unresolved countertransference issues may hinder counseling students’ development of empathic understanding for clients with substance use disorders. Counselor educators must structure courses in such a way as to help students overcome obstacles to empathy. We provide examples of several experiential activities framed within the context of Kolb’s experiential-learning cycle that are designed to deconstruct obstacles to student empathy development.  相似文献   

16.
In line with dynamic systems and dialectical theories of development, it was theorized that a psychopathology such as an addiction could have several causes (equifinality) and that more specific diagnoses and treatments of the most salient clinical issues for individuals coming from different developmental paths could increase the success rates of most therapies. Further, the issues from a developmental dynamic systems perspective should include not only individual clinical issues, but also relational, familial, peer, and organizational functioning. The Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire (ACIQ) was developed as a research and clinical instrument relevant to these concerns. The 29 scales were based on naturalistic observations of patients in treatment and 12-step groups, attachment theory, and the clinical literature dealing with the addictions. The attachment scales were taken from classic attachment theory but, in line with more recent formulations, included relations to mother, father, and partner. Study 1 found the ACIQ to have good coefficient alphas (.79), and factor analyses revealed that the eight factors loaded on different attachment figures and sets of clinical issues rather than attachment styles per se. Study 2 found test–retest reliability to be, on average, .79. The results were in line with the developmental hypothesis that partner and father attachments are different than attachments to mother, and that family and peer relations as well as clinical issues need to be considered separately.  相似文献   

17.
Population Treatment for Addictions   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT— The biopsychosocial model treats pain as resulting from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Individual differences in approaches to coping with pain-related symptoms are important determinants of pain-related outcomes, and are often classified under the "psychological" category within the biopsychosocial model. However, engagement in various cognitive, affective, and behavioral pain-coping strategies appears to exert biological effects, which we review here. Pain-coping activities such as catastrophizing, distracting oneself from pain sensations, or reappraisal of pain may exert effects on activity in a variety of pain-processing and pain-modulatory circuits within the brain, as well affect the functioning of neuromuscular, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. The interface between pain-related neurobiology and the use of specific pain-coping techniques represents an important avenue for future pain research.  相似文献   

19.
付娟  郑希耕  刘正奎 《心理科学进展》2016,24(10):1592-1599
创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)受到国内外普遍关注, 临床上常用的暴露疗法就是基于消退原理, 但经过治疗的患者复发率仍然很高, 这提示抑制复发可能是治疗创伤后应激障碍的关键问题。条件性恐惧复发的动物模型主要包括重建、续新和自发恢复, 但是对续新的研究最多。前人的研究结果表明, 恐惧复发具有异质性, 但海马、前额叶与杏仁核三大脑区或许构成了共同的神经基础。文章从脑区机制及药理干预方面进行了综述, 以期对基础研究和临床诊治提供参考。  相似文献   

20.
    
Guus Labooy 《Zygon》2004,39(4):919-932
Abstract With the aid of some Scotistic conceptual distinctions, I develop a way of meeting the apparent deterministic sway of neurobiology. I make a careful distinction between formal and material freedom. Formal freedom, the ability to will or not to will a certain state of affairs regardless of whether it can be effectuated, remains, even if our material freedom to effectuate it is hampered by neurobiological mechanisms. These conceptual findings are linked with contemporary empirical research on obsessive‐compulsive disorder and the possibility of volitional modulation of cerebral function.  相似文献   

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