全球生命伦理学:共识的瓦解(下)——对全球性道德的探求:生命伦理学,文化战争和道德多样性

4 认真看待多元化：道德分歧和道德不同意见之间的轴线 道德和生命伦理学都是多元化的。任何关于生命伦理学的沉思,任何思考建立全球生命伦理学是否可能,都必须将道德多元化作为根基,如同多样性就是有很多意见,这是非常值得关注的。各种争论都可以看成是五种平行存在的轴线或者从五种不同的尺度考虑问题。     

道德、宗教和文化的完整性:对跨文化伦理学及公共政策论的意义

分析传统对宗教与道德之间关系的两种模式（A）与（B）都是过分偏激容易引起误解。它们所代表的观点亦不容易在实践中可以持续。（A）模式坚持道德必须直接地依赖宗教作为它的惟一来源。（B）模式则认为道德应完全独立于宗教。然而,欧洲启蒙运动所追求的一种具普遍性和独立于宗教的理性伦却明显已经“破产”。因为并没有任何一个群体能够完全摆脱它自身拥有的历史、文化与宗教遗产。提出一个辩证法的模式,即认为宗教与文化应有一个相互依赖、相互诠释的关系,一个群体／社会的文化完整性才得以保存。这模式对跨文化伦理对话以及公共政策的讨论都具有相当的意义。     

回到“道德生活”:当代伦理学研究的主题变奏

当代伦理学研究呈现越来越明显的经验趋向,这一趋向的实质可以概括为回到"道德生活",以日常生活中的道德实践为理论建构的基石。它肇始于美德伦理学对传统规范伦理学的批判,兴盛于后现代伦理学,并在当代多元社会现实中继续深化,逐渐形成崭新的研究范式。回到"道德生活"将给以儒家伦理为核心的中国伦理学提供参与当代伦理学理论形态建构的主体机遇,推动西方伦理学理论的本土化与中国伦理学理论的全球化。同时也需要对这一趋向进行反思,避免研究的碎片化,将研究提升到本体论层面上继续探讨。     

道德冲突世界中的生命伦理学:基本争论及干细胞辩论的要点

世界上存在着道德多元性,它表现为生命伦理学的实际道德分布的特征,它是使用人类胚胎作为干细胞来源的争论的根本原因。在世俗文化中,干细胞的使用甚至也会出现疑问。只以从传统的基督教道德直觉和期望的残留影响角度去理解这种现象。关于干细胞的争论反映了更深层次的文化错位。我们正生活在文化战争频发的年代。有必要对罗尔斯学派的关于公共讨论及理性的道德多元化给予重新的关注和评价。     

诺斯替主义对后现代生命伦理学兴起的启示

后现代生命伦理学兴起,有着深刻的多方面的理论根源.其中,诺斯替主义对其形成与发展有着不可忽略的作用.具体体现在:探索路径的独特性;立足后现代道德多元化,反理性、挑战原则主义;承认道德异乡人,构建次级相对主义以及对人内在精神本性的诉求.     

齐格蒙特·鲍曼伦理学方法的得与失——以其《后现代伦理学》和《论后现代道德》为例

近几年齐格蒙特·鲍曼的学说被介绍到中国,但所涉多为他的社会学思想,关涉其伦理思想不够,而齐格蒙特·鲍曼既具有说服力和启发性,又令人费解的思想其实多为伦理思想.他的<后现代伦理学>和<生活在碎片之中--论后现代道德>以客观主义的描述方法揭示了后现代社会深刻的道德危机,却又将此归因于传统理性推崇的道德的普遍原则,并提出本质上属于个人主义的多元主义的解放的道德重建主张,在中国学界产生了两面性的复杂影响.因此,在历史唯物主义视野里分析齐格蒙特·鲍曼的伦理方法的得与失是有意义的.     

对伦理学历史演变轨迹的一种概述(上)

最早产生的伦理学理论主要是目的论的.超验目的论、幸福论、快乐主义是它的重要形式.效用主义是快乐主义的一种较晚近的形式.德性伦理学也是最早产生的一种目的论伦理学.中国儒家学说在其核心处是一种德性的伦理学.在斯多亚学派的学说中,德性与至善概念疏离后成为目的本身.在西方,德性伦理学又由于它具有的不同特点被称为完善论或自我实现论.从德性伦理学中逐步分离出独立的正当概念.康德在许多方面来说是从德性伦理学到义务论伦理学的联系环节.在义务论伦理学中正当(应当)成为核心的概念.在义务论伦理学中,基于对正当的不同解说,形成责任论与权利论两脉.康德学说是责任论的杰出典范.在权利论中,首先形成作为其古代先声的回应的近现代契约论伦理学.从这种传统中新近发展出程序论的伦理学.     

我国伦理学研究和道德建设的有关问题——罗国杰先生访谈录

桌泶车内故陀胫亟ā菲澜锧夏青$人民出版社哲学室!北京100706 @方国根$人民出版社哲学室!北京100706生态伦理学:9334,生态伦理观:1944,生态伦理思想:1499,融会中西:1460,研究方法:1067,大传统:1026,人与自然的关系:972,生态思想:785,“天人合一”思想:693,天人合一观:68     

康德自主道德的理性主义基调及其困难 ——兼论对话伦理学和康德道德哲学之关联

韦尔默在其《伦理学与对话——康德和对话伦理学中的道德判断要素》一书中基于康德道德哲学之困难,考察对话伦理学为克服其困难所做的尝试并分析其成败得失,他把康德的绝对命令理解为一种以推己及人的方式检验准则确立法则的程序,并认为这只有在预设人类可能的"共同意志"的前提下才能成立,这种对绝对命令的颇具经验主义色彩的解读因忽视康德道德哲学的理性主义基调和道德普遍主义立场而难免误读之嫌。作为道德性的最高原则,绝对命令并非程序性原则,而是表达"理性地行动"这一自主道德的要求。由此引出的论证和应用的问题是康德道德哲学的两个重要问题,也是其困难所在。就对话伦理学与康德道德哲学的关联性而言,相比于韦尔默重点分析的哈贝马斯版本的对话伦理学,阿佩尔先验语用学路向的对话伦理学更好地继承了康德的理性主义精神,紧扣康德道德哲学的问题并尝试对之进行"改造"。     

Feminist Bioethics: Where We've Been, Where We's Going

The primary contribution of feminism to bioethics is to note how imbalances of power in the sex-gender system play themselves out in medical practice and in the theory surrounding that practice. I trace the ten-year history of feminist approaches to bioethics, arguing that while feminists have usefully critiqued medicine's biases in favor of men, they have unmasked sexism primarily in the arena of women's reproductive health, leaving other areas of health care sorely in need of feminist scrutiny. I note as well that feminist bioethicists have contributed very little to bioethical theory. In the second part of the paper I suggest two future directions for feminist bioethics. The first is to expand its critique of gender bias beyond reproductive medicine, devoting attention to the same issues raised by advances in biomedical technology as are taken up by mainstream bioethicists. The second is to develop bioethical theory that is more responsive than are mainstream moral theories to the social practices that subordinate women and minority groups.     

Aboriginal Health Care and Bioethics: A Reflection on the Teaching of the Seven Grandfathers

Contemporary bioethics recognizes the importance of the culture in shaping ethical issues, yet in practice, a process for ethical analysis and decision making is rarely adjusted to the culture and ethnicity of involved parties. This is of a particular concern in a health care system that is caring for a growing Aboriginal population. We raise the possibility of constructing a bioethics grounded in traditional Aboriginal knowledge. As an example of an element of traditional knowledge that contains strong ethical guidance, we present the story of the Gifts of the Seven Grandfathers. We note a resemblance of this Ojibway teaching to virtue ethics in European traditions, but we suggest that there are also important differences in how these two traditions are currently presented. We hope that further engagement with a variety of indigenous moral teachings and traditions could improve health care involving Aboriginal patients and communities, and enrich the discipline of bioethics.     

How Christian Norms Can Have an Impact on Bioethics in a Pluralist and Democratic Europe: A Scandinavian Perspective

This article assesses the similarity and difference betweenthe Western European style of doing bioethics and the Scandinavianone. First, it reviews the introductory article by the editor,C. Delkeskamp-Hayes in the first issue of Christian Bioethics(2008), devoted to the possibility of a specifically Christianbioethics in Europe. Second, it analyses bioethics debates inScandinavian today. In light of Delkeskamp-Hayes' article, themain similarity is that both regions are facing secularizationas a threat to basic Christian values, for example, to the Christianview of the sanctity and dignity of the human life. But theScandinavian tends to reduce Christian bioethics to Luther'sconcept of the worldly kingdom, supposed to foster a dialoguebetween Christians and non-Christians on controversial ethicalissues. Despite the positive value of the dialogue, this strategyrenders Christian ethics powerless. Third, from an evangelicaltheological standpoint, it proposes some strategies for enhancingthe influence of Christian commitments on bioethical laws andpolicies.     

Islamic Bioethics and Animal Research: The Case of Iran

Despite growing interest in Islamic bioethics, little work has been done on research ethics in Islam, and even less on animal research ethics. This essay explores religious and scientific insights into the lives of animals used as research subjects, particularly in Iran. The inner lives of animals and their relationship to their Creator as relayed by the Qur'an, ethological research on animal minds, and neuroethical reflection on painience (the ability to feel and process pain as noxious [injurious] and explicitly hurtful) are brought together to question the current, relatively unrestricted use of research animals in Iran. The essay concludes that Islamic sources and the desire of Iranian clinicians to treat laboratory animals in line with them could poise Muslims to take the lead in developing alternatives to animal research. Further, recent suggestions that human and animal research guidelines and protections should be brought closer together are examined in light of these findings.     

医学伦理学和生命伦理学学科定位再探析

医学伦理学和生命伦理学谁包括谁看似很重要,但对于同作为应用伦理学这一角色来看,又无关紧要。医学伦理学更倾向于是医学的一部分,而生命伦理学则是一门新兴的交叉学科。学科定位问题涉及到谁需要定位以及为什么定位的问题,更涉及到定位需考虑的坐标问题。对学科定位的探讨还需要考虑其来源和历史,以及关注现阶段的主要影响因素。除此之外,对于这两个学科定位的再思考提示,应当认识其各自的独立性,而不应受定位问题的误导。     

European Bioethics II--Disparate Hopes and Fears: An Introduction

This introduction supplies further bearing points for the conceptualmap, which the introduction to the previous issue on Europeanbioethics (2008/1) had provided for sorting out the variousdimension in which the essays collected in these issues resembleand differ from each other. Special attention is devoted tocommunication, as diverse Christianities attend to differentpurposes, problems, and opportunities for normatively engaging(persuading, influencing, ruling, opposing, and converting)their surrounding secularized cultures. These differences reflectincompatible ways of conceiving Christ's acts of healing, asthese provide a model for His disciples' bioethics. These differencesalso reflect diversely rationalist and noetic epistemologies.The subtext concerns the haunting question about the enduringsustainability of a specifically Christian bioethics in Europe.As Schotsmans opts for a Roman Catholicism that is not recognizedas such by his Magisterium, as Muller transforms Protestantisminto a religiously nonhostile laicity, as Messer and Silva daBarbosa hope for the prophetic impact of communal "cities onthe hill," and as the Orthodox pursue the conversion of WesternEurope in Greek, Russian, and Rumanian, ongoing Divine miraclespresent the most realistic hope.     

Toward a New Concept of Global Morality

The human community faces today the most serious challenges ever to have confronted the planet in the areas of health, environment, and security. Science and technology are essential for responding to these challenges. More is needed, however, because science is not equipped to deal adequately with the values dimensions and the political issues that accompany the challenges. For an adequate response, there must be cooperative effort by scientists and statespersons, informed for moral leadership by the religious wisdom that is available. The religious communities can provide this spiritual dimension, thereby fulfilling their traditional role, but it will require their coming to terms with the character of the scientific and technological base of contemporary culture. The paper lays the conceptual groundwork for understanding these issues.     

儒家伦理的基德和荣格的道德观

作为中国传统文化之主体的儒家伦理,已经确立了中国传统文化的"基德"或"母德",这是在长达2000多年历史发展中形成的,经过先秦时期的百家争鸣,形成了独树一帜的儒家思想,董仲舒提出"抑黜百家、独尊儒术"的建议,确立了儒家在中国社会的统治地位。经过以后历代的兼收并蓄和对立融合,发展成为儒、道、佛融合一体的宋明理学,近代中国社会对儒家思想的批判性发展,促使人们对儒家伦理思想进行时代的反思。荣格的分析心理学思想为东西方道德观的比较提供了一种独特的研究视角。     

Bioethics, theology, and social change

Recent years have witnessed a concern among theological bioethicists that secular debate has grown increasingly "thin," and that "thick" religious traditions and their spokespersons have been correspondingly excluded. This essay disputes that analysis. First, religious and theological voices compete for public attention and effectiveness with the equally "thick" cultural traditions of modern science and market capitalism. The distinctive contribution of religion should be to emphasize social justice in access to the benefits of health care, challenging the for-profit global marketing of research and biotechnology to wealthy consumers. Second, religion and theology have been and are still socially effective in sponsoring activism for practical change, both locally and globally. This claim will be supported with specific examples; with familiar concepts like subsidiarity and "middle axioms"; and with recent analyses of "participatory democracy" and of emerging, decentralized forms of global governance.