Effects of colour on perceived depth: Review of experiments and evalutaion of theories

A selective and evaluative review of experiments and theories dealing with the effect of colour on perceived depth is presented. It has long been known that equidistant objects that differ in colour may appear as if they are located at different distances. The present paper emphasizes the theoretical importance of distinguishing between monocular and binocular effects. There is at present no completely satisfactory explanation of the monocular effect but chromatic aberration seems to be a critical factor. The binocular effect (colour stereoscopy) is most probably due to disparity between differently coloured images on the retinae. The stereoscopic theories of Einthoven (1885) and Vos (1960, 1963, 1966) are discussed; available evidence favours the latter.     

E. Mansell Pattison,M.D. 1933–1989

E. Mansell Pattison, M.D. 1933–1989     

Analyticity,Balance and Non-admissibility of $$\varvec{Cut}$$ Cut in Stoic Logic

Studia Logica - This paper shows that, for the Hertz–Gentzen Systems of 1933 (without Thinning), extended by a classical rule T1 (from the Stoics) and using certain axioms (also from the...     

Book reviews

Casement, Ann, Carl Gustav Jung
Meier, C. A. (ed.), Atom and Archetype. The Pauli/Jung Letters, 1932–1958
Young-Eisendrath, Polly and Miller, Melvin E. (eds.), The Psychology of Mature Spirituality
Falzeder, E. and Brabant, E. et al. (eds.), The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sandor Ferenczi (Volume 3, 1920–1933)
Pally, R., The Mind-Brain Relationship
Edinger, Edward F., Ego and Self: The Old Testament Prophets – From Isaiah to Malachi     

A note on E. B. Titchener and G. M. Whipple

In 1898, one of E. B. Titchener's graduate students, Stella E. Sharp, conducted an experiment on Alfred Binet and Victor Henri's theory and belief that mental abilities should be tested by means of complex mental processes. Her subjects were seven advanced students in psychology. She concluded that the findings were incommensurate with the effort required. That closed the subject as an area of research and instruction in the Cornell Department of Psychology until 1941, when the subject of test theory and uses was included in that department's course offerings. This continued until 1963. Currently, the subject is once again being actively pursued in the Department of Education.     

Professional relationships in dangerous times: C. G. Jung and the Society for Psychotherapy

Relying in part on previously unpublished documents of the 1930s, this paper(1) describes the origins and mission of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy, both as it existed before Hitler's rise to power and as it was transformed afterward. Jung accepted the Society's presidency in 1933-34, on condition that it be restructured as an international, politically neutral organization, free from the laws of Gleichschaltung (Nazi conformity). The paper also contains a close study of Jung's collaboration with one interesting German colleague, Walter Cimbal. Cimbal, a neurologist, was briefly a member of the Nazi Party and, judging from his early letters to Jung, a Hitler enthusiast. Yet he also seems to have tried, together with Jung, to alleviate the difficulties of German Jewish colleagues whose lives were disrupted by the Hitler revolution. The paper includes translated passages from Cimbal's previously unpublished letters from 1933-36 and the post-war years. It also includes a first-person account by Wladimir Rosenbaum, the Zurich lawyer who assisted Jung in 1934, when Jung tried to mitigate the impact of anti-Jewish laws on his German Jewish colleagues. In the primary materials of this period one discovers more evidence of moral shadow-and also less-than is sometimes assumed.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article:
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY. By Morris S. Viteles, W. W. Norton. New York.
How TO DEVELOP YOUR PERSONALITY. By Sadie Myers Shellow. Harper & Bros. New York. 1932.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN: A STUDY OF BEGIN-NINGS. By Susan Isaacs, London, 1933. G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd. 480 pages, with list of authors and index.
PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX. By Havelock Ellis. London, 1933. W. Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd.
ToRSTEN SjoGREN, Klinische und vererbungsmedizinische Untersuchungen iiber Oligophrenie in einer nordschwediscben Bauernpopulation (Acta Psychiatrica et Neuro-logica, Suppl. II), 1932
CASE STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOPATH-OLOGY OF CRIME. By Ben Karp-man. Psychotherapist, St. Eliza-beth's Hospital. Washington: The Mimeoform Press, 1933.
GEORG GRODDECK: Der Mensch als Symbol. Int. Psychoanalyt. Ver-lag. Vienna, 1933.
DER MENSCHLICHE LEBENSLAUF ALS PSYCHOLOGISCHES PROBLEM. Leipzig! Hirzel, 1933. Pp. 325. (The course of life a psychological problem)
ALLGEMEINE NEUROSENLEHRE AUF PSYCHOANALYTISCHER GRUNDLAGE. By Hermann Nunberg. Bern-Ber-lin: Hans Huber, 1932.     

Warder Clyde Allee and the Chicago School of Animal Behavior

Warder Clyde Allee, (1885-1955) was a pioneer American scientist in the fields of ecology and animal behavior. His contributions to the development of a general animal sociology are discussed, with particular attention to his concept of animal cooperation and his research in the area of dominance hierarchies.     

Suicide related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

In complicated ways depression is related to suicide. If the national climate could be made depressive by mass media coverage of a depressing event (for example, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy), the suicide rate theoretically ought to increase, unless depression were not related to suicide during time of great national focus. This hypothesis was investigated by using a questionnaire survey requesting information concerning suicide rate for the period November 22--30 for the 17 years 1956--1972. Sixty-one cities were randomly selected and contacted; 29 responded. A total of 74 suicides--48 males and 26 females--were reported during the 17 years studied. The hypothesis that more suicides should have occurred during 1963 was not supported. No suicides occurred during November 22--30 in 1963, the year of the Kennedy assassination. The results were significant at the .01 level. The finding that during a time of focused national crisis fewer suicides occur coincides with the findings of Durkheim (1897/1951).     

In all questions, my interest is not in the individual people but in the analytic movement as a whole. It will be hard enough here in Europe in the times to come to keep it going. After all, we are just a handful of people who really have that in mind

The paper tries to deal with the difficult and at times contradictory decisions that the then leaders of the IPA, S. Freud, A. Freud, E. Jones etc. had to adopt as whether or not to clearly inform the readers of Die Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse and the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, the official scientific periodicals of the IPA, of the tragic events concerning first the German Psychoanalytic Society and then the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and the newborn Italian Psychoanalytic Society and other European psychoanalytic societies during the years 1933-1945. Because of the anti-Jewish persecution by the Nazi and fascist regimes the IPA had to face the extremely difficult task of helping its Continental Jewish members to emigrate to the USA, Great Britain and other countries in order to save their lives and to allow psychoanalysis to survive, with enormous radical consequences for the scientific and sociocultural future developments of the discipline.The following notes are dedicated to those non-Aryans and Aryans who could not find a proper rescue and whose graves became the wind which scattered the ashes of their bodies with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the Nazi gas chambers.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article:
ZwiLLINGSFORSCHUNG UND ERBLICHE TUBERKULOSEDISPOSITION. By Karl Diehl and Otmar v. Verschuer. Jena: Fischer, 1933.
COOPERATION AND COMPETITION, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN MOTIVA-TION. By J. B. Mailer. New York: Teachers College, Columbia Uni-versity, 1929.
ARCTIC VILLAGE. By Robert Mar-shall. New York: Harrison Smith & Robert Haas, 1933
"REPRESSION AND RATIONALIZA-TION," in British Journal of Med-ical Psychology, XIII (1933).
THE HUMAN PERSONALITY. By L. Berg. London: Williams and Nor-gate, 1933.     

Intimacy in young adulthood as a predictor of divorce in midlife

Using an Eriksonian‐based measure ( E. H. Erikson, 1963 ), the Inventory of Psychosocial Development ( A. Constantinople, 1969 ), this longitudinal U.S. study explored the extent to which an individual’s potential for intimacy in young adulthood predicted divorce by midlife. Intimacy was defined as the potential to establish close relationships involving high levels of communication, closeness, and commitment. Marital status 34 years after college graduation was obtained from 167 participants (M age = 55.1 years, 60% male, 30% divorced) originally tested in college in 1966–1968 in the United States. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed a significant Gender × Intimacy interaction in predicting marital status at midlife. Women but not men with low intimacy in college had higher risk of divorce in midlife in the sample.     

Counting eliminates the repetition effect in judgments of temporal duration.

College student subjects estimated the duration of time intervals (8–54 sec) by counting or not (N=35 per group). Counting eliminated the repetition effect (a decline in the magnitude of estimations across trials), and resulted in a truncation of the psychophysical function. The former result was interpreted as contrary to Treisman's (1963) model. The latter result was attributed to the effortfulness of counting, which was established in a subsequent experiment.     

Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span.

Measures of psychological maturity based on personal strivings (R. A. Emmons, 1989) were administered to 108 adults aged 17-82. On the basis of organismic-theoretical assumptions regarding maturity, age was hypothesized to be positively associated with K. M. Sheldon and T. Kasser's (1995, 1998) two goal-based measures of personality integration. E. Erikson's (1963) assumptions regarding maturity were the basis for the hypothesis that older people would tend to list more strivings concerning generativity and ego integrity and fewer strivings concerning identity and intimacy. Finally, on the basis of past research findings, maturity and age were hypothesized to be positively associated with subjective well-being. Results supported these hypotheses and also showed that measured maturity mediated the relationship between age and well-being. Thus, older individuals may indeed be more psychologically mature than younger people and may be happier as a result.     

Women's Dress Fashions as a Function of Reproductive Strategy

Despite many speculations, there is no well-supported explanation for cycles of fashion in.women's dress and scholars cannot agree whether fashions reflect societal changes. Generalizing from cycles of bodily attractiveness for women, it was hypothesized that dress styles are reflective of reproductive economics. Using data from three studies of dress fashion extending from 1885-1976, the prediction was tested thatshortskirts (signaling sexual accessibility) would be correlated with low sex ratios (indicating limited marital opportunity for women), with increased economic opportunities for women and with marital instability. Predictions for narrowwaists and low necklines (which signal reproductive value) were opposite. These predictions received strong support indicating that dress styles, like standards of bodily attractiveness may be partly determined by marital economics.     

Born unwanted. Observations from the Prague Study

The authors followed 220 children born in 1961-1963 to women twice denied abortion for the same pregnancy in Prague (Czech Republic) and 220 pair-matched controls, whose mothers were pair-matched for age and socioeconomic status and the partner's presence in the home. They were medically, psychologically, and socially assessed at ages 9, 14-16, 21-23, 30, and 35. Although differences in psychosocial development between the unwanted study participants and pair-matched controls were not dramatic and changed over time, the differences were consistently in disfavor of the unwanted pregnancy participants. When siblings were used as controls, the findings supported the hypothesis that being born from an unwanted pregnancy is a risk factor for poor mental health in adulthood.     

Predicting the suicide rate of children in America

The time-series regressions for suicide rates by race and sex for those aged 5 to 14 years in the USA from 1933-1980 were predicted by scores on two factors which had high loadings for year and for the marriage rate.     

Lichtenberg,Joseph D.; Lachmann,Frank M.; Fosshage,James L.: A spirit of Inquiry. Communication in Psychoanalysis. The Analytic Press,Hillsdale, N.J.; London, 2002.

Abstract

Karl Landauer (1885-1945) was an important and gifted psychoanalyst among the names later to become illustrious in the early developmental stages of the psychoanalytic movement in South West Germany; in the subsequent havoc of the Third Reich he was persecuted in Bergen-Belsen and later perished. He was trained by Freud and accepted as a member of the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society in 1913. After the First World War he settled in Frankfurt am Main and started a Study Group to which such prominent analysts as Georg Groddeck in Baden-Baden, Heinrich Meng in Stuttgart, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and Erich Fromm in Heidelberg and Frankfurt were associated. In 1929 this Study Group founded the Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute under the same roof as the Institute for Social Research and under the auspices of the Social Philosopher Max Horkheimer. There were mutual and manifold influences between the research fields of Psychoanalysis and Social Sciences. Landauer specialised in affect theory. Both Institutes were compelled to close at the hands of the National Socialists; Landauer's subsequent fate is moving and exemplary.     

THE ASSUMPTIONS OF CAUSAL ANALYSES FOR INCOMPLETE CAUSAL SETS OF TWO MULTILEVEL VARIABLES

aThree causal analyses of correlations: the two-stage partial correlation analysis of Pelz and Andrews (1964); the cross-lagged panel correlation analysis of Campbell and Stanley (1963), Campbell (1963), and Rozelle and Campbell (1969); and a new three-stage analysis described in this paper are evaluated in terms of causal models representing any two variables which constitute an incomplete causal set. It is found t h a t the first two analyses make assumptions which are not generally true and which are not presently subject to practical tests. The third i s found to be useful as a way of finding out whether the correlation between two variables i s due entirely to third variable causation.     

Toni Wolff-James Kirsch correspondence

This paper draws on the letters between Toni Wolff and James Kirsch from 1929-1933 and from 1949-1953 to highlight some aspects of Toni Wolff's relationship with her superviser and former analysand, James Kirsch. Her personality, her approach to her work as analyst, and her relationship with Jung and with colleagues are illustrated with selected quotes from the correspondence.