合体汉字字形识别过程探索

该研究用微观发生范式探索了合体汉字和假字的字形识别过程 ,结果发现 :(1 )部件字、真字和假字的正确提取率随呈现时间增长而提高 ,字形刺激的特征加工是一个有序的发展过程 ,对字形的识别加工过程受字形熟悉性和字形结构方式的影响 ;(2 )在左右型字刺激和上下型字刺激中 ,经常首先从右部件或下部件中提取笔画或笔画组合 (称首特征 ) ,而且首特征的提取不受字形熟悉性影响。根据以上结果可以推测 ,字形结构属性在字形识别加工的最初阶段先于特征获加工 ,字形熟悉性则对首特征提取后的特征或部件加工过程产生影响。     

汉字认知过程中整字对部件的影响

英文研究中,"字优效应"是单词促进字母加工的一个重要依据。但中文研究中还存在一些争议。本研究通过两个实验考查了汉字的部件认知中,汉字整体对局部(部件)的影响。实验刺激材料分为三种,即左右结构或上下结构的真字、假字与部件字。目标部件为既能够放置于三种字符的左侧,又能放置于右侧(上部或下部)的汉字部件。实验一采用Reicher-Wheeler实验任务,先呈现刺激材料350ms,掩蔽后再呈现需要判断的目标部件,被试对目标部件进行按键反应。实验二中采用部件判断实验任务,先呈现需要判断的目标部件,再呈现刺激材料,被试对刺激材料中是否包含目标部件进行按键反应。记录反应时与正确率。27位健康女性大学生参与本实验。结果显示:(1)不论是Reicher-Wheeler实验任务还是部件判断实验任务,均显示部件字的部件认知判断速度最快。真字与假字相比,无"字优效应"。真字与部件字相比,存在着"字劣效应"。这些结果表明,汉字整字对汉字部件认知加工起到抑制作用;(2)两个实验任务均表现出汉字结构方式效应,即对左右结构的汉字的部件认知比上下结构的汉字更快;(3)部件的空间位置对部件识别存在影响。实验一中对下部件分辨最困难,分辨时间最长;实验二中发现对左部件的反应最快。字符结构方式效应与部件空间位置效应既存在于真字中,也存在于假字中。     

汉字早期字形加工中的部件数效应

探讨部件数效应是否在汉字早期字形加工中存在。要求被试识别重复速示方式下的具有不同部件数的汉字字形。大学生为被试。在实验1中,发现4部件字比在通透性、笔画数、字频和像素数上匹配的2部件字更容易识别字形;在实验2中,2部件字的通透性比4部件字更好,此时没有识别成绩上的差异。上面的结果表明在字形加工中存在着部件数效应,它指部件越多越容易识别汉字字形。在讨论部分提出了一个字形加工的部分线索模型,它指被试可以根据汉字的部分线索(例如部件)识别整个汉字。     

汉字的视知觉——知觉任务效应和汉字属性效应

本研究通过三个实验发现:1.在三种非速示的特定知觉任务下,认知汉字反应时的长短依次是;识别汉字两个部件的反应时>识别整体字的反应时>辨认字的结构方式的反应时,在错误率指标上也获得了同样的结果模式。这表明,在汉字的视知觉中存在知觉任务效应,而这些任务标志着不同复杂程度的加工水平。2.对于左右和上下结构的字,在辨认其结构方式上无差异。3.在命名整体字中,汉字的表层属性,如结构方式和表音特点对整体字的识别没有影响,这表明整体字是正常阅读条件下的知觉单位。4.在知觉分解整体字和命名识别其部件中,(1)字的结构方式有相当大的影响:上下结构字的反应时远远长于左右结构字的反应时。(2)字的表音特点对部件识别也极有影响,如形声字的反应时和错误率都远远短于和少于非形声字。(3)在误操作中,存在着大量整体字的命名现象。以上表明的汉字属性效应,都是发生在汉字知觉的分解过程中,它们反映了整体对部分的强烈影响。     

部件启动范式下可成字部件的位置效应

可成字部件在汉字中的位置和功能多种多样。实验1采用部件启动范式考察在汉字识别中可成字部件在不同位置的功能。启动刺激为处于三种位置(主要义符位置、次要义符位置、声符位置)的可成字部件, 目标刺激为包含这三种位置可成字部件的汉字, 要求被试对目标字做词汇判断。实验2结合部件启动范式和视觉搜寻范式探查可成字部件在不同位置的功能。结果表明：(1)可成字部件处在声符位置时的启动效应强于处在义符位置时。(2)可成字部件作义符时的启动作用只出现在处于主要义符位置时。(3)处在声符位置的可成字部件启动不仅促进对包含声符位置部件的汉字的识别, 还促进对包含主要义符位置部件的汉字的识别, 但阻碍对包含次要义符位置部件的汉字的识别。(4)当启动部件处于次要义符位置时, 不影响对包含相关部件的汉字的识别。整个研究表明, 部件位置效应不仅包含部件位置对汉字识别的影响, 还包含部件位置频率对汉字识别的影响。     

对汉字字形识别层次模型的实验验证

该研究采用Ｊｏｈｎｓｔｏｎ和ＭｃＣｌｅｌｌａｎｄ的实验范式以合体汉字为实验材料对层次模型进行了实验检验。结果表明,以假字掩蔽模式代替特征掩蔽模式使字目标对部件目标的字优效应明显下降。这一结果支持了层次模型,即合体汉字的字形加工以部件识别加工为中介。但本实验还发现了真字掩蔽模式下的字优效应量比假字掩蔽模式下明显减少,这一结果表明,在字加工水平中存在着觉察器间的相互竞争。因此,合体汉字字形识别的部件中介模型有待进一步完善。     

结构对称汉字识别的加工机制(Ⅱ)--部件识别的实验研究

从部件加工的角度设计了两个实验,分别运用部件启动作业和部件启动再认范式,考察了结构对称汉字识别的加工特点。结果发现：在部件加工层面也存在着显著的结构对称效应。即同一个部件,作为结构对称字的构成部件的启动效应明显大于它作为非对称字的构成部件的启动效应;作为结构对称字的构成部件被识别的反应时和错误率均显著地小于它构成非对称字时被识别的反应时和错误率。这意味着结构对称汉字中的部件(或笔画)比非对称汉字中的同样部件(或笔画)具有加工优势。显示出多层次的结构对称效应。     

部件启动对合体汉字字形识别的影响

本实验探索了部件启动对左右型合体汉字字形识别的影响,得到以下结果：（1）启动部件与目标字中左部件同形或相似（少一笔划或多一笔划）,会促进对目标字的字形识另询工,表现出正向启动效应;相反,异形部件对目标字加工有干扰作用,表现为负向启动效应;（2）各种启动刺激类型所产生的启动量随启动刺激呈现时间增长而变化。通过对各种实验条件下,启动量的分析,笔者认为：本实验为汉字相互作用激活模型提供了新的证据。     

汉字通透性算法以及对结构方式效应的解释

在先前提出的汉字通透性算法中 ,包括了水平通透性和垂直通透性 ,而汉字作为整体 ,其通透性也应该是一个整体 ,所以 ,当前研究对这一算法进行了更正 ,然后运用新的算法对先前实验材料和基本汉字集 (6 72 4 )中的配对上下字和左右字进行通透性分析 ,证明了它的可行性。在实验研究中 ,采用新算法选择实验用字 ,以达到使上下字的通透性大于左右字的通透性或者使它们相等的目的 ,以此为前提观察到了逆转的结构方式效应以及结构方式效应消失。这一实验结果表明 ,结构方式本身并不影响汉字识别 ,影响汉字识别的直接因素是隐藏在结构方式之下的汉字通透性     

知觉经验对汉学字形知觉整体性的影响

三项实验通过部件识别法探讨了知觉经验对字形知觉整体性的影响。实验一要求三组不同发展水平的被试命名单独呈现的部件字,结果证实了本实验所用的各组部件字之间的识别难度均等和小学三年级学生的字识别技能明显不如小学六年级和大学学生。实验二使大学生在三种字度和两种字频条件下,分别进行单、双部件的命名,主要得到非字中的部件命名反应时快于假字,后者又快于真字的“字劣效应”以及在真、假字组中的“左>右”或“上>下”的“部位效应”,但未发现字频对部件命名的效应。实验三比较了三组不同年级被试的部件命名作业,发现小六和小三学生在真、假字中的部件命名反应时无明显差异,而大学生较明显,说明前者受字形整体知觉的影响比后者小。这些结果支持了字形知觉整体性随字的知觉经验增长而加强的假设,并在一个基于联结主义框架的字词识别模型中得到了较好解释。     

Contrast and Assimilation Processes in Consumers' Evaluations of Dual Brands

This study extends the branding literature by examining the psychological processes by which consumers evaluate brand alliances. The theoretical basis for this study is the development of models of context effects in brand evaluations (Meyers-Levy & Sternthal 1993 and Levin & Levin 2000). Of particular interest is how dual branding (two restaurant brands with shared features) influences transfer of affect between brands. Although there was a contrast effect in both the separate and dual brand conditions, this contrast effect was significantly reduced in the dual brand condition. Marketing implications of forming brand alliances are discussed.     

双语Stroop效应研究综述

Stroop效应从提出至今取得大量有意义的研究成果。其中,双语Stroop效应的研究已有越来越多的实验研究范式,并支持了多种理论模型。这一效应的研究不仅有利于语言生成机制的探索,对中一英文教学、学习也有重要的启发作用。     

Experiences of stereotyping among individuals employed in selected South African organisations

This study investigated the effects of stereotypes among individuals working in selected South African organisations. The participants were 336 employees within the following sectors: banking (n?=?40), higher education institutions (n?=?72), mining (n?=?63), municipalities (n?=?24), nursing (n?=?4), police services (n?=?20), schools (n?=?85), and the restaurant industry (n?=?28). Data were collected using open ended interviews, and thematically analysed. The findings indicated that stereotypes influence individuals on three different levels: cognitive, behavioural, and emotional levels. Predominantly, participants reported that they mostly react in a cognitive manner when confronted with stereotypes.     

A sham drug improves a demanding prospective memory task

Every day, people rely on prospective memory—our ability to remember to perform a future action—to carry out myriad tasks. We examined how a sham cognitive enhancing drug might improve people's performance on a prospective memory task. We gave some people (but not others) the sham drug, and asked everyone to perform a high-effort prospective memory task. People who received the sham drug performed better on the prospective memory task. They also took longer to perform their ongoing task, suggesting that they increased their effortful monitoring. These results fit with research showing that suggestions can lead people to increase cognitive effort and increase memory performance.     

Effects of valence and framing in decision-making: Assessing decision-makers' perceived domains of choice

Abstract: In comparison between choice alternatives, judgments of “How much better is a preferred option?” and “How much worse is a less preferred option?” may differ in their magnitudes. Such discrepancies are called “valence effects”. Previously, Yamagishi and Miyamoto (1996 ) observed systematic positive valence effects (“Better” exceeding “Worse”) in the domain of gains and systematic negative valence effects (“Worse” exceeding “Better”) in the domain of losses. The current experiments used the directions of valence effects as a tool to assess decision‐maker's interpretation of choice tasks under “framing effects” ( Tversky & Kahneman, 1986 ). Preferences under the framing effect switch from certain options in the domain of gains to uncertain options in the domain of losses. Two experiments showed that preferences for certain options were associated with positive valence effects, whereas preferences for uncertain options were associated with negative valence effects. Moreover, conditions wherein the framing manipulations lose the effectiveness were examined. Valence effects showed that framing effects ceased to occur when decision‐makers maintained consistent domain perceptions as pertaining to gains or to losses, across the domains of gains and losses. Implications are discussed.     

Colour correspondence effects between controlled objects and targets

It is increasingly popular to use movement trajectories as a measure of mental processes related to task performance. Often this is accomplished by moving a cursor to a target on a computer screen. However, the relation between features of the cursor and the targets is rarely, if at all, considered. In five experiments, we examined whether moving a cursor to a target was affected by the relation between their colours, even when this relation was task irrelevant. In Experiments 1–3, a mouse-controlled cursor was moved to one of two coloured targets. Results showed colour correspondence effects in latency to initiate a response, duration of movement times, and movement trajectories when the relationship between cursor and target colours was task relevant (Experiment 1) and when only the cursor colour was task relevant (Experiment 2), but not when only the target was task relevant (Experiment 3). Follow-up experiments using single targets showed that colour correspondence effects occurred as long as attention was dedicated to the colour of the cursor, even when neither the cursor nor the target colour was relevant to selecting the correct movement (Experiments 4 and 5). Furthermore, when the relation between cursor and target colours is task irrelevant, colour correspondence effects for response initiation times are uncorrelated with those for movement times and movement trajectories. We interpret the observed correspondence effect in terms of response coding, although attention cueing may also play a role, and suggest that greater consideration of cursor features is needed when examining movement trajectories in choice reaction tasks.     

Gradual proportion congruent effects in the absence of sequential congruent effects

In perceptual filtering tasks, congruency effects vary as a function of proportion congruent (PC), with smaller congruency effects when congruent trials are rare than when they are frequent. This effect is typically larger with extreme differences between high and low proportion congruent conditions (e.g., 80% congruent–20% incongruent) than with intermediate differences (e.g., 60% congruent–40% incongruent; Logan & Zbofroff, 1979; Blais & Bunge, 2010). Some authors have claimed that both PC effects can be explained in terms of the same reactive cognitive control mechanism that is responsible for sequential congruency (SC) effects (e.g., Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen, 2001). In fact, in most previous studies there was a systematic confounding between proportion congruent and the proportion of transitions involving an incongruent trial followed by another incongruent trial. In the present study we eliminated this confound and tested directly whether PC effects can still be measured in the absence of SC effects. Once confirmed, we studied the properties of this pure form of PC effect, in particular whether it is conflict-type specific or general, and whether it decreases gradually as a function of changes in proportion congruency (80% vs. 70% vs. 60%). Our results showed significant PC effects in the absence of SC effects, which replicates our previous findings (Torres-Quesada, Milliken, Lupiáñez, & Funes, 2014), and PC effects that can be conflict-type general or specific, depending on the nature of conflict type where they were produced. Importantly, the congruency effect was modulated by the level of proportion congruent, decreasing systematically as the absolute percentage of incongruent trials decreases.     

2~5年级小学生汉字识别中预视效应的发展研究

在阅读时,读者可以获取副中央凹处的词汇信息,副中央凹加工是构成流畅阅读的重要因素。本研究从儿童语言发展的角度,通过3个实验（共534名被试）,考察了汉语视觉字词加工中2~5年级学生的字形、语音、语义预视效应。结果发现：（1）2~5年级小学生均有字形预视效应;（2）2、3年级学生没有语音预视效应,4、5年级学生有此效应;（3）2年级学生没有语义预视效应,3、4、5年级学生有此效应。这表明,低水平的视觉信息—字形信息在儿童副中央凹加工中一直稳定地发挥作用;高水平的语言信息—语音和语义信息,随着儿童年级的升高和阅读技能的提升,逐渐地在儿童的副中央凹加工中发挥作用。儿童对汉字各类型信息的获取与使用的发展模式不同于拼音文字阅读发展理论的预测。     

儿童在归纳推理中的多样性效应

3个实验探讨了儿童在归纳推理中是否具有多样性效应的争议。实验1采用寻找证据法,使用图片材料,得出5岁儿童在归纳推理中没有多样性效应,表现为典型性效应。实验2改用归属法发现:5岁儿童在归纳推理中表现出多样性效应。实验3采用寻找证据法,但使用实物材料,并且加大了多样性前提的差异程度,结果发现:3岁儿童在归纳推理中也表现出多样性效应。本研究结果表明,在适合的条件下,儿童在归纳推理中能表现出多样性效应。